/work in progress/
Phonology
Consonants (Modern Greek)
| IPA | Spelling |
|---|---|
| /p t k/ | p t k |
| /b d g/ | b d g |
| /f θ s x/ | f θ s h |
| /v đ z ɣ/ | v đ z j |
| /m n/ | m n |
| /r l/ | r l |
Vowels (Persian)
| IPA | Spelling |
|---|---|
| /i u/ | i u |
| /e̞ o̞/ | e o |
| /æ ɒ/ | a ā |
Phonotactics (Vietnamese)
CSVC
C = any consonant
S = /r l m n/
V = any vowel
Accent (Hungarian)
Stress accent on first syllable.
Nouns
Demonstrative particles (Tamil ~ Arabic)
| Definite proper | as- | as-Turuk | this Turk | as-mokke | this stone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definite distant | at- | at-Turuk | that Turk | at-mokke | that stone |
| Indefinite | an- | an-Turuk | a Turk | an-mokke | a stone |
Case, number, animacy (Basque ~ Russian)
Animate declension
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Absolutive | - | Turuk | Turk | -i | Turuki | Turks |
| 2. Ergative | -os | Turukos | Turk | -ā | Turukā | Turks |
| 3. Dative | -om | Turukom | to / for Turk | -e | Turuke | to / for Turks |
| 4. Possessive | -u | Turuku | of Turk, Turk's | -es | Turukes | of Turks |
| 5. Genitive | -a | Turuka | through / as / like Turk | -āh | Turukāh | through / as / like Turks |
| 6. Ablative | -a | Turuka | from Turk | -āt | Turukāt | from Turks |
| 7. Instrumental | -om | Turukom | with / by Turk | -em | Turukem | with / by Turks |
| 8. Locative | -is | Turukis | in / on Turk | -e | Turuke | in / on Turks |
Inanimate declension
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Absolutive | - | bulat | ax | -a | bulata | axes |
| 2. Ergative | - | bulat | ax | -a | bulata | axes |
| 3. Dative | -om | bulatom | to / for ax | -am | bulatam | to / for axes |
| 4. Possessive | -u | bulatu | of ax | -o | bulato | of axes |
| 5. Genitive | -u | bulatu | through / as / like ax | -o | bulato | through / as / like axes |
| 6. Ablative | -a | bulata | from ax | -āt | bulatāt | from axes |
| 7. Instrumental | -is | bulatom | with / by ax | -em | bulatam | with / by axes |
| 8. Locative | -is | bulatis | in / on ax | -ā | bulatā | in / on axes |
Intrusive -r-
Intrusive -r- is inserted between root/stem ended on vowel and the declensional endings.Verbs
Voice (Proto-Indo-European)
| Active | - | sep- | to speak |
|---|---|---|---|
| Medial | -eh- | sepeh- | is said to be |
Tense-Aspect (Swedish ~ Turkish)
| Past | Non-past | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective | -(a)l- | sepal | to speak (action was not performed) | - | sep | to speak |
| Habitual | -(a)lva | sepalva | to speak regularly (in past) | -(ā)va | sepāva | to speak regularly |
| Perfective | -(a)lta | sepalta | to speak (action was performed) | - | - | - |
Masdar (Arabic ~ Proto-Slavic)
- -(a)ne sepane 'speaking, to speak'
Adjectives (Mongolian)
In role of true adjectives are occuring nouns.
Adverbs (Mongolian)
Adverbs are created from nouns and verbs with special ending -o.
Numerals
| Cardinal | Ordinal | Multiple | Multiplicative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | votan | votse | votampe | votande |
| 2. | krā | krahse | krahempe | krahande |
| 3. | θala | θalase | θalampe | θalande |
| 4. | sātrā | sātrase | sātrampe | sātrande |
| 5. | sinta | sintase | sintampe | sintande |
| 6. | massa | |||
| 7. | sorten | |||
| 8. | kassen | |||
| 9. | tahren | |||
| 10. | samhen | |||
| 11. | votasaf | |||
| 20. | krāsamhen | |||
| 21. | krāsamhen votan | |||
| 100. | saffe | |||
| 101. | saffe votan | |||
| 110. | saffe samhen | |||
| 111. | saffe votasaf | |||
| 120. | saffe krāsamhen | |||
| 121. | saffe krāsamhen votan | |||
| 200. | krāsaffe | |||
| 1.000. | harran | |||
| 10.000. | samhen harran | |||
| 100.000. | saffe harran | |||
| 1.000.000. | marraven |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns (Persian)
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | man | mā |
| 2. | tun | sumā |
| 3. | ān (animate) ves (inanimate) |
ānnā (animate) isān (inanimate) |
Possessive pronouns (Luwian)
Personal pronoun +
-(e)s-Correlative pronouns
Definite proper demonstrative
Place sakko 'here'
Source atsakko 'from here'
Purpose direction tasakko 'to here'
Path samek 'this way'
Time sampa 'now'
Method sarva 'in this way'
Quantity sasta 'so much'
Qualify sajam 'like this here'
Reason sakora 'for this reason'
Definite distant demonstrative
Place takko 'there'
Source attakko 'from there'
Purpose direction tatakko 'to there, so far'
Path tamek 'that way'
Time tampa 'then'
Method tarva 'in that way'
Qualify tasta 'like that'
Reason takora 'for that reason'
Indefinite demonstrative
Place nakko 'somewhere'
Source atnakko 'from somewhere'
Purpose direction tanakko 'to somewhere'
Path namek 'some way'
Method narva 'in some way'
Qualify najam 'like something'
Reason nakora 'for some reason'
Interrogative / Relative
Human being ka 'who ? which ?'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being vo 'what ? which ?'
Place kakko 'where ?'
Source atkakko 'whence ?'
Purpose direction takakko 'whither ?'
Path kamek 'which way ?'
Time kampa 'when ?'
Method karva 'how ?'
Quantity kasta 'how much ?'
Qualify kajam 'which one ?'
Reason kakora 'why ?'
Indefinite
Human being kasi 'someone'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being vosi 'something'
Place kasikko 'somewhere'
Source atkasikko 'from somewhere'
Purpose direction takasikko 'to somewhere'
Path kasimek 'via some way'
Time kasimpa 'once'
Method kasirva 'somehow'
Quantity kasista 'somehow much'
Qualify kasijam 'some'
Unlimited
Human being mukasir 'anyone'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being muvosir 'anything'
Place mukasikkor 'anywhere'
Source atmukasikkor 'from anywhere'
Purpose direction tamukasikkor 'to anywhere'
Path mukasimekar 'via any way'
Time mukasimpar 'ever'
Method mukasirvar 'anyhow'
Quantity mukasistar 'anyhow much'
Qualify mukasijamar 'any'
Negative
Human being neka 'nobody'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being nevo 'nothing'
Place nekakko 'nowhere'
Source atnekakko 'from nowhere'
Purpose direction tanekakko 'to nowhere'
Path nekamek 'no way'
Time nekampa 'never'
Method nekarva 'nohow'
Quantity nekasta 'nothing'
Qualify nekajam 'neuter, indistinct'
Universal
Human being kaθa 'every'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being voθa 'every, all'
Place kaθakko 'everywhere'
Source atkaθakko 'from everywhere'
Purpose direction takaθakko 'to everywhere'
Path kaθamek 'through all ways'
Time kaθampa 'always'
Method kaθarva 'in all methods'
Quantity kaθasta 'otherwise than so many'
Qualify kaθajam 'any'
Alternative
Human being karam 'anyone else'
Inanimate object or Non-Human being voram 'anything else'
Place karamakko 'elswhere'
Source atkaramakko 'from elswhere'
Purpose direction takaramakko 'to elswhere'
Path karammek 'which way else'
Time karamampa 'when else'
Method karamarva 'otherwise'
Qualify karamjam 'other'
Reflexive, Reciprocal and Cooperative pronouns
Reflexive ka (-)self
Reciprocal kahha each other
Cooperative uka together
kas- reflexive possessive pronoun
Adpositions
| about | sa |
| above | saora |
| across | hara |
| after | va |
| against | vara |
| among | rajam |
| around | ogama |
| as | θā |
| at | na |
| before | pada |
| behind | ga |
| below | una |
| beneath | una |
| beside | uvār |
| between | ukrā |
| beyond | nena |
| but | la |
| by | hava |
| during | ura |
| except | vaga |
| for | ar |
| from | an |
| in | na |
| inside | navār |
| into | uta |
| near | ðat |
| of | su |
| on | sa |
| out | una |
| outside | unara |
| over | sao |
| per | uva |
| since | at |
| than | ata |
| through | hat |
| till | tara |
| to | ta |
| toward | sata |
| under | um |
| unlike | nepor |
| until | tara |
| via | hat |
| with | ke |
| within | uke |
| without | ban |
| according to | udoroh |
| because of | vata |
Particles
/work in progress/
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