Compounds in word formation

Adjectival  combination

suúr 'milk' + táme 'path' → Suurtáme 'Milky Way'
luúngu 'dragon' + tórtso 'head' → Luungutórtso 'head of dragon'
kadlií 'hedgehog' + daánte 'animal' → kadliidaánte 'porcupine'
ḥagh 'half' + łeékha 'dog' → ḥaghłeékha 'dog and wolf's hybrid'
tłaalé 'fish' + hatsé 'bone' → tłaalehatsé 'fish-bone'
saadé 'star' + jaán 'lord, master' → Saadejaán 'star master (name for moon)'
leénah 'to become long' + caán 'house, home, family' → leencaán 'long house'
deené 'god, deity' + caán 'house, home, family' → deenecaán 'temple'
bótso 'wolf' + khaán 'son' → Botsokhaán 'wolf son'
nal 'without' + tsúti 'tooth' → naltsúti 'toothless'

Genitival combination

bótso 'wolf' + khaán 'son' → Botsoskhaán 'son of wolf (patronymic name)'

Compounds with thematic vowel

seénah 'to become blue' + tsúti 'tooth' → seenatsúti 'bluetoothed'

Descriptive verbs and nouns

High language does not have true adjectives. Their place is occupied by nouns and special verbs.

Descriptive verbs

Default form of descriptive verb have inchoative meaning, expressed with unmarked active voice. Passive voice added to the default form gives stative meaning, ie.

dẓaáiah 'to become good' → dẓaáigah 'to be good'

Han dẓaái.
[3.SG MASC-become.good]
[han d͡ʒáːj]
He becomes good.

Han dẓaáig.
[3.SG MASC-become.good-PASS]
[han d͡ʒáː.ig]
He is good.

Han idẓaái.
[3.SG FEM-become.good]
[han id͡ʒáːj]
She becomes good.

Han idẓaáig.
[3.SG FEM-become.good-PASS]
[han id͡ʒáː.ig]
She is good.

khaáldah 'to become wise' → khaáldagah 'to be wise'

Han khaálda.
[3.SG MASC-become.wise]
[han kʰáːlda]
He becomes wise.

Han khaáldag.
[3.SG MASC-become.wise-PASS]
[han kʰáːldag]
He is wise.

Han ikhaálda.
[3.SG FEM-become.wise]
[han ikʰáːlda]
She becomes wise.

Han ikhaáldag.
[3.SG FEM-become.wise-PASS]
[han ikʰáːldag]
She is wise.

chiínah 'to become red' → chiíngah {chiíng-}

Chiín caán.
[MASC-become.red house]
[cʰíːn cáːn]
House become red.

Chiínag caán.
[MASC-become.red-PASS house]
[cʰíːnag cáːn]
House is red.

Descriptive nouns

Luúngui jaán.
[dragon-PL lord]
[lúːŋu ɟáːn]
Lord of dragons.

Haát thólu.
[father field]
[háːt tʰólu]
Father's field.

Descriptive nouns are often replaced by Genitives:

Luúnguis jaán.
[dragon-PL-GEN lord]
[lúːŋus ɟáːn]
Lord of dragons.

Haátas thólu.
[father-GAN field]
[háːtas tʰólu]
Father's field.

Noun cases in syntax

Noun case

1. Nominative who ? - bótso wolf -(a)d bótsod wolves
2. Accusative who ? -(a)m bótsom wolf -i-m bótsoim wolves
3. Genitive whose ? -(a)s bótsos of wolf -i-s bótsois of wolves
4. Dative to/for who ? -(a)r bótsor to/for wolf -i-r bótsoir to/for wolves
5. Ablative whence ? -(a)tṣ bótsotṣ from wolf -i-tṣ bótsoitṣ from wolves
6. Instrumental by/through who ? -(a)i bótsoi by/through wolf -i-i bótsoii by/through wolves
7. Comitative with who ? -(a)l bótsol with wolf -i-l bótsoil with wolves
8. Locative where ? -a(ḥ) bótsoḥ in/on wolf -i-ḥ bótsoiḥ in/on wolves

Functions of noun cases

• Nominative:
• lexical form: Gýl - fire
• subject of intransitive verb: Bótso jaa. - The Wolf is going.
• agent of transitive clause: Łeékha tsítsem kaálla. - The dog is biting a cat.
• donor of ditransitive clause: Tháme hídenim łeékhar gúdnat. - The man gave the dog food.
• predicative noun: Musgaará tháme du. - Commander is a man. 
• Accusative:
• patient of transitive verb: Cónkhi gýlam idó. - The girl sees fire.
• theme of ditransitive verb: Méra báṣat beéham mer gúdnat. - My brother gave me bread.
• Genitive:
• possessor: Thámes łeékha. - Dog of the man.
• partitive object: Tsaa beéhas mer gúdo. - Give me some bread.
• used with various postpositions
• Dative:
• goal, purpose: Tháme caánar-naso jaa. - The man is walking towards the house.
• recipient of ditransitive clause: Tháme jaatłálam ghuúrar gúdnat. - The man gave the horse the grain.
• agent of passive voice: Sálpa ghuúrar hídag. - The apple is eaten by horse.
• benefactive: Beéh hídeni thámer du. - Bread is food for man.
• used with some postpositions
• Ablative:
• source, origin: Beéh naáretṣ du. - The bread is from flour.
• used with some postpositions
  
• Instrumental:
• tool, instrument: Haát méram báṣatam (sérai) thári joknat. - The father hit my brother with (his) hand.
• way, method: Med iaús naásai jaanat. - We went this way.
• Comitative:
• accompaniament: Tháme dzálal. - Man with woman.
• Locative:
• location in place and time: Łeékha neékheḥ-ḥa sydẓ. - The dog is sitting on the ground.
• used with locative postpositions
  

Other examples of sentences

Ia moólma dẓaáiag tṣaph hótłah.
[this.here drink-NOM MASC-become.good-PASS MASC-could taste-INF]
[ja móːlma d͡ʒáːjag t͡ʃapʰ hót͡ɬah]
This drink could taste better.

Médra naánga tháme-ak dẓaáigiee.
[I-PL-POSS king man-as MASC-become.good-PASS-OPT]
[médra náːŋa tʰáme ak d͡ʒáːjgi.eː]
May our king be a good man.

Médra naánga tháme-ak dẓaáiiee.
[I-PL-POSS king man-as MASC-become.good-OPT]
[médra náːŋa tʰáme ak d͡ʒáːjjeː]
May our king become a good man.

Hánra haát mérar báṣatar médl hánraḥ lásdaniḥ-so.
[3.SG-POSS father I-POSS-DAT brother-DAT MASC-help 3.SG-POSS-LOC writing-LOC-in]
[hánra háːt mérar báʃatar méd͡ɮ hánrax lásdanix so]
His father helped my brother write this letter.

Cáted gýlusatṣ se itłhád.
[spark-PL campfire-ABL REFL.PRON FEM-fall]
[cáted gɯ́lusat͡ʃ se it͡ɬʰád]
Sparks fall from the campfire.

Hóriu Gýl puúłag ṇaáli se datłh.
[holy fire MASC-become.whole-PASS year-INSTR REFL.PRON MASC-burn]
[hórju gɯ́l púːɬag ɲaːli se dat͡ɬʰ]
The holy fire burns all year long.

Dundát jákhaa.
[war MASC-go-near]
[dundát ɟákʰaː]
War is coming.

Łon báṣatad dundátam-na ja.
[three brother-PL war-ACC-to MASC-go]
[ɬon báʃatad dundátam na ɟa]
Three brothers go to war.

Musgaarád seelóineim dundátam-na bajaáł.
[commander-PL soldier-PL-ACC war-ACC-to MASC.PL-go-CAUS]
[musgaːrád seːlójne.im dundátam na baɟáːɬ]
The commanders leads the soldiers to war.

Me neétskeim na do.
[I book-PL-ACC no MASC-see]
[me néːt͡ske.im na do]
I see no books.

Ia tháme ar méra báṣat baión sélda tálteh.
[this.here man and I-POSS brother MASC.PL-have-PST RECIPR.PRON fight-INF]
[ja tʰáme ar méra báʃat bajón sélda tálteh]
This man and my brother were supposed to fight each other.

Ia tháme méral báṣatal ion tálteh.
[this.here I-POSS-COM brother-COM MASC-have-PST fight-INF]
[ja tʰáme méral báʃatal jon tálteh]
This man was supposed to fight together with my brother.

Ia tháme mérar báṣatar-nákhaa ion tálteh.
[this.here man I-POSS-DAT brother-DAT-against MASC-have-PST fight-INF]
[ja tʰáme mérar báʃatar jon tálteh]
This man was supposed to fight against my brother.

Ia tháme ion tálteh.
[this.here man MASC-have-PST fight-INF]
[ja tʰáme jon tálteh]
This man was supposed to fight.

Tháme ja jah.
[man MASC-go go-INF]
[tʰáme ɟa ɟah]
The man is going to go.

Méra báṣat se saír.
[I-POSS brother REFL.PRON MASC-love]
[méra báʃat se sa.ír]
My brother loves himself.

Méra báṣat séra cónkhim saír.
[I-POSS brother REFL.PRON-POSS girl-ACC MASC-love]
[méra báʃat séra cóŋkʰim sa.ír]
My brother loves his girlfriend.

Méra báṣat ar hánra cónkhi sélda basaír.
[I-POSS brother and 3.SG-POSS girl RECIPR.PRON MASC.PL-love]
[méra báʃat ar hánra cóŋkʰi sélda basaír]
My brother and his girlfriend love each other.

Haḥú tálatṣ uéjus paálaitṣ maakaís pháleni du.
[wind four-ABL world-GEN side-PL-ABL always blow-GER MASC-be]
[haxú tálat͡ʃ wéɟus páːla.it͡ʃ maːkaís pʰáleɲi du]
The wind always blows from four sides of the world.

Bótso khongém dónat.
[wolf sheep-ACC MASC-see-PST-PERF]
[bót͡so kʰoŋém dónat]
The wolf saw the sheep.

Khongé bótsor idógnat.
[sheep wolf-DAT FEM-see-PASS-PST-PERF]
[kʰoŋé bót͡sor idógnat]
The sheep was seen by the wolf.

Bótso dzálam kállanat.
[wolf woman-ACC MASC-bite-PST-PERF]
[bót͡so d͡zálam kállanat]
The wolf bit a woman.

Dzála bótsor ikállagnat.
[woman wolf-DAT FEM-bite-PAST-PERF]
[d͡zála bót͡sor ikállagnat]
The woman was bitten by a wolf.

Pultsá púlam puúnagat.
[bucket water-ACC MASC-full-PASS-PERF]
[pult͡sá púlam púːnag]
The bucket is full of water.

Tháme dzálam goónaḥ-so dẓoółał.
[man woman-ACC river-LOC-in MASC-sink-CAUS]
[tʰáme d͡zálam góːnax so d͡ʒóːɬaɬ]
The man is drowning a woman in the river.

Tháme pulaḥ-so se dẓoółał.
[man water-LOC-in REFL.PRON MASC-sink-CAUS]
[tʰáme pulax so se d͡ʒóːɬaɬ]
The man is drowning in the water.

Saar tṣel.
[sun MASC-shine]
[saːr t͡ʃel]
The sun is shining.

Saar tṣélan.
[sun MASC-shine-PST]
[saːr t͡ʃélan]
The sun shone.

Saar tṣélas.
[sun MASC-shine-FUT]
[saːr t͡ʃélas]
The sun will shine.

Saar tṣélnaṣ.
[sun MASC-shine-PST-PERFECT]
[saːr t͡élnaʃ]
The sun has been shining.

Saar néṣgatṣ tṣel.
[sun become.new-PASS-ABL MASC-shine]
[saːr néʃat͡ʃ t͡ʃel]
The sun is shining again.

Various syntactic constructions

Verbal negation

Haad io hídah.
[3.PL MASC-have eat-INF]
[haːd jo hídah]
They are (now) obliged to eat.

Haad na io hídah.
[3.PL MASC-have eat-INF]
[haːd na jo hídah]
They (now) are not obliged to eat.

Habitual aspect

Łeékha pulam moól.
[dog water-ACC MASC-drink]
[ɬéːkʰa pulam móːl]
The dog is drinking water.

Łeékha pulam moólni du.
[dog water-ACC drink-GER MASC-be]
[ɬéːkʰa pulam móːlni du]
The dog is drinking water regularly/many times.

Passive voice

Ghuúr sálpam híd.
[horse apple-ACC MASC-eat]
[ɰúːr sálpam híd]
The horse eats the apple.

Sálpa ghuúrar hídag.
[Apple horse-DAT MASC-eat-PASS]
[sálpa ɰúːrar hídag]
The apple is eaten by horse.

Impersonal construction

Tólgaab tolgunií dzókhṣemagia.
[large.stone-NOM small.stone-INSTR MASC-beat-through-PASS-IMPERS]
[tólgaːb tolguníː d͡zókʰʃemagja]
A large stone crashes with a small stone.

Causative voice

Tháme dzálam goónaḥ-so dẓoółał.
[man woman-ACC river-LOC-in MASC-sink-CAUS]
[tʰáme d͡zálam góːnax so d͡ʒóːɬaɬ]
The man is drowning a woman in the river.

Tháme pulaḥ-so se dẓoółał.
[man water-LOC-in REFL.PRON MASC-sink-CAUS]
[tʰáme pulax so se d͡ʒóːɬaɬ]
The man is drowning in the water.

Ditransitive construction

Me tur phátsim gúdnat.
[ I thou-DAT fruit-ACC MASC-give-PST-PERF]
[me tur pʰát͡sim gúdnat]
I gave you a fruit.

Tu mer phátsim gúdnat.
[Thou I-DAT fruit-ACC MASC-give-PST-PERF]
[tu mer pʰát͡sim gúdnat]
You gave me a fruit.

Me hanar phátsim gúdnat.
[ I 3.SG.PERS.PRON-DAT fruit-ACC MASC-give-PST-PERF]
[me hanar pʰát͡sim gúdnat]
I gave him a fruit.

Han mer phátsim gúdnat.
[3.SG.PERS.PRON I-DAT fruit-ACC MASC-give-PST-PERF]
[han mer pʰát͡sim gúdnat]
He gave me a fruit.

Copular verb and predicate nominals

Han tłaalerá du.
[3.SG.PERS.PRON fisherman MASC-be]
[han t͡ɬaːlerá du]
He is (a) fisherman.

Han tṣángag.
[3.SG.PERS.PRON MASC-become.strong-PASS]
[han t͡ʃáŋag]
He is strong.

Han méra násto du.
[S.SG.PERS.PRON I-POSS husband MASC-be]
[han méra násto du]
He is my husband.

Han méraḥ caánaḥ-so.
[3.SG.PERS.PRON I-POSS-LOC house-LOC-in]
[han mérax cáːnax so]
He is at/in my house.

Serial verbs constructions

Han keétkum haāghnat gácah.
[3.SG.PERS.PRON knife-ACC MASC-come-PST-PERF take-INF]
[han kéːtkum háːɰnat gácah]
He came to take the knife.

Comparative constructions

Bughá bótsotṣ tṣángag.
[Bull wolf-ABL become.strong-PASS]
[buɰá bót͡sot͡ʃ t͡ʃáŋag]
Bull is stronger than wolf'

Superlative construction

Ia tháme iatṣ seélotṣ maáte lókog.
[This.here man this.here-ABL army-ABL all become.high-PASS]
[ja tʰáme jat͡ʃ séːlot͡ʃ maáte lókog]
This (here) man is highest from the army.

Predicate noun construction

Me tháme du.
[I-SG man MASC-be]
[me tʰáme du]
I am a man.

Possession

Meḥ-khaa łeékha du.
[I-LOC-near dog MASC-be]
[mex kʰaː ɬéːkʰa du]
I have (a) dog.

Constructions with modal verbs

Me ias thámes-ḥa kónas bóḥah.
[I this.here-GEN man-GEN-on MASC-would-FUT speak-INF]
[me jas tʰámes xa kónas bóxah]
I would speak about this man.

Derivations at work

bági 'wheel' → bagirá 'wheeler'
dzókháh 'to beat' → dzokhágho 'one who is beaten'
saátah 'to learn' → saatágho 'disciple'
saátah 'to learn' → saátłah 'to teach'
duh 'to be' → dújah 'to become'
thaaghá 'beard' → thaaghián 'bearded man'
lóko 'high' → lokáua 'someone from High Tribe'
lóko 'high' → lokúm 'highland(s)'
lóko 'high' → lokalé 'height'
tłoómah 'to tell' → tłoomát 'fable'
dẓaáiah 'to become good' → dẓaáiti 'goodness'
koiḥaáh 'to carry' → koiḥáku 'carrier'
pul 'water' → pultsá 'bucket'
thar 'hand' → tharma 'glove'
bóḥah 'to speak' → boḥé 'thing'
naán 'mother → naanní 'little mother'
caán 'house, home, family' → caánaab 'great house'
caán 'house, home, family' → cancaán 'former house, ruine'
tshúue 'bird' → tshuutón 'large troop of birds'
bótso 'wolf' → botsolúa 'few wolves'
tháme 'man' → ueentháme 'entire man'
bótso 'wolf' → bébotso 'true wolf'
bóḥah 'to speak' → bohcíah 'to speak intensively, to talk'
jaah 'to go' → jaajáh 'begin to go'
jaah 'to go] → jaástah 'to finnish going'
hathút 'hammer' → hathútiah 'to hammer'
lúgah 'to die' → lugát 'death'
bóḥah 'to speak' → bóḥus 'rostrum'
ḥiéthah 'to grow' → ḥiéthma 'plant'
bállah 'to create' → ballará 'creator'
bállah 'to create' → ballásse 'fabric, matter'
tṣángah 'to become strong' → tṣangát 'strength'
tháme 'man' → thámaab 'great man'
goh 'to do' → goáku 'tool'
ḥyrýn- 'to become dark' → ḥyrýnti 'darkness'
ghórah 'to try' → ghorát 'try'
sagháh 'to think' → saghát 'thought'
lásdah 'to write' → lásdama 'letter'
khákah 'to crack' → khákus 'chasm'
pul 'water' → pulásse 'watery substantion'
táltah 'to fight' → taltát 'fighting'
táltah 'to fight' → taltáku 'weapon'
táltah 'to fight' → táltaab 'battle'
táltaab 'battle' → táltaabus 'battle field'
dúndah 'to war' → dundará 'warrior'
dúndah 'to war' → dundát 'war'
haát 'father' → haatalé 'wealth of father, fatherland'
tortsó 'head' → tortsoé 'cap, pommel'
ṣagé 'word' → ṣagetón 'dictionary'
kádẓih 'to work' → kadẓirá 'worker'
kádẓih 'to work' → kádẓát 'work'
khaálda 'wise' → khaáldati 'wisedom'
gúdah 'to give' → gudrá 'giver'
gúdah 'to give' → gúdma 'gift'
ghuúr 'horse → ghuúrite 'equid'
saar 'sun' → saárite 'sunflower'
saar 'sun' → saarúm 'house of the sun'
sétah 'to stand' → sétti 'state, status'
ghuúr 'horse' → ghuurní 'pony'
seélo 'army' → seelóine 'soldier'
pul 'water' → pulíne 'drop of water'
ṣagé 'word' → ṣageíne 'sound character (of letter)'
lásdah 'to write' → lásdani 'writing'
lásdani 'writing' → lasdaníne 'letter'
saládah 'to live' → salátti 'life'
jókah 'to hit' → jókani 'hitting, attack'
jókah 'to hit' → jókra 'attacker'
naánga 'king' → naangúm 'kingdom'
naánga 'king' → naángaus 'royal house/palace'
ḥýnah 'to happen' → ḥynaléd 'history'
músgaah 'to command' → musgaará 'chief, commander'
músgaah 'to command' → musgaát 'command'
musgaará 'commander' → musgaaratón 'leadership'
bállah 'to create' → bállasti 'creature'
baághah 'to fence' → baaghúm 'city, town'
baághah 'to fence' → baaghé 'fence'
baághah 'to fence' → baághus 'garden'
tólgu 'stone' → tolgurá 'stonemason'
tólgu 'stone' → tolgúine 'one stone'
moólah 'to drink' → moólma 'drink'
caán 'house, home' → caánasti 'domestic animal'
saar 'sun' → saarásse 'sunlight, solar substantion'
gýl 'fire' → gýlaab 'fire, conflagration'
gýl 'fire' → gýlus 'campfire'
gýl 'fire' → gylní 'little fire, glimmer'
gýl 'fire' → gyltsá 'lamp'
gýl 'fire' → gylíne 'part of fire, spark'
gyl 'fire' → gyltón 'series of fires'
gýlus 'campfire' → gylustón 'large group of campfires'
gýl 'fire' → gylásse 'fire as substantion'
gylásse 'fire as substantion' → gylasséine 'part of fire substantion'
kádẓih 'to work' → kadẓiát 'work'
kádẓih 'to work' → kadẓirá 'worker'
kádẓih 'to work' → kádẓius 'place of work'
hatsé 'bone' → hatsetón 'skeleton'
hatsé 'bone' → hatseúm 'cemetary'
hatsé 'bone' → hatséine 'piece of bone'
tṣéleh 'to shine' → tṣeláku 'candle'
gúnguh 'to become deep' → gunglé 'depth'
uaárah 'to want (and goal is achieved)' → uaaré 'will'
médzah 'to might' → médlah 'to help'
katłáh 'to clap' → katłácheh 'to make vaulting'
katłácheh 'to make vaulting' → katłaché 'vaulting'
keétah 'to cut' → keétku 'knife'

Lord's Prayer and three days of creation from Genesis

Jaánas Sotiát (Lord's Prayer)
[lord-GEN prayer]

Médra Haát tsaanáḥ-so du hoo,
[I-PL-POSS father sky-LOC-in MASC-be PARTICIPLE]
Tura neél se duo hóriu;
[Thou-POSS name REFL.PRON MASC-be-IMPER holy]
Túra naangaúm haágho;
[Thou-POSS kingdom MASC-come-IMPER]
Túra uaaré iduo; ak tsaanáḥ-so iaúr ar neekhéḥ-ḥa.
[Thou will FEM-be-IMPER as so and earth-LOC-on]
Médras maatadér beéhas médar iadérso gúdo.
[I-PL-POSS-GEN all-day bread-GEN I-PL-DAT this-day-in give-IMPER]
médram poójem médar ar gúttaamo, ak med médrar poojeráir gúttaam.
[I-PL-POSS-ACC sin-ACC I-PL-DAT and give-away-IMPER as I-PL I-PL-POSS-DAT culprit-PL-DAT give-away]
Láighani-ḥa médam ar na jáło,
[Temptation-on I-PL-ACC and no go-CAUS-IMPER]
ran Tu médam noóh hootṣ bátṣasato.
[but Thou I-PL-ACC bad PARTICIPLE-ABL protect-FUT-PERF-IMPER]
Amen.

Genesis

Nílca bállanis dér (First day of creation)
[one-th create-GER-GEN day]

Tsakhátaḥ-ḥa Deené tsaanám ar neekhém bállanat.
[Origin-LOC-on God sky-ACC and earth-ACC create-PST-PERF]
Ar neekhé ak nasairát ar khoósus idun: Ḥyrýnti pultónas nachuarés sámaraḥ-ḥaso idun, ar Deenés Phoóti pultónaḥ-ḥaso se hołán.
[and earth as no-order and empty.place FEM-be-PST Darkness watery.mass-GEN vastness-GEN surface-LOC-above FEM-be-PST and God-GEN Ghost watery-mass-LOC-above REFL.PRON float-PST]
Taís Deené bóḥanat: "Doóṣti se ghóseo !" Ar doóṣti se dújanat.
[Then God speak-PST-PERF "Light REFL-PRON rise-IMPER" and light REFL-PRON become-PST-PERF]
Deené don hee dooṣti idẓaáig, hanam ḥyrýntitṣ kádlanat.
[God see-PST PARTICIPLE light FEM-good-PASS 3SG.PERS.PRON-ACC darkness-ABL divide-PST-PERF]
Ar Deené doóṣtim dér neélianat, ar ḥyrýntim thłaán neélianat.
[and God light-ACC day name-DENOM-PST-PERF and darkness-ACC night name-DENOM-PST-PERF]
Ar súndi ar uyýgle iaúr nylýnat - nilca dér.
[and evening and morning in.such.method flow-PST-PERF one-th day]

Khoica bállanis dér (Second day of creation)
[Two-th creation-GEN day]

Ar taís Deené bóḥanat: "Katłaché pultónas túndeḥ-so ar han nilaim pultónam khoicaitṣ kádlo!"
[and then God MASC-speak-PST-PERF: vaulting watery.mass-GEN center-LOC-in and 3.SG.PERS.PRON one-PL-ACC watery.mass-ACC two-th-PL-ABL MASC-divide-IMPER]
Iam katłachém dúnat hee, Deené pultónam katłachétṣ-niso pultónatṣ katłachétṣ-ḥaso kádlanat; ar iaúr se dújanat hee, Deené iam katłachém tsaaná neélianat.
[this.here vaulting-ACC make-PST-PERF ADV.PARTICIPLE God watery.mass-ACC vaulting-ABL-under watery mass-ABL vaulting-ABL-above MASC-divide-PST-PERF; and in.this.method REFL.PRON MASC-become-PST-PERF ADV.PARTICIPLE God this.here-ACC vaulting-ACC sky MASC-name-DENOM-PST-PERF]
Ar súndi ar uyýgle iaúr nylýnat - khoica dér.
[and evening and morning in.such.method MASC-flow-PST-PERF two-th day]

Łónca bállanis dér (Third day of creation)
[three-th creation-GEN day]

Ar iatah Deené bóḥanat: "Pultónam tsaanátṣ-niso nilaḥ dúsaḥ-so gácato ar Fkhoórag hoo sámar se idóło !"
[and this.here-after God MASC-speak-PST-PRF: "watery.mass-ACC sky-ABL-under one-LOC place-LOC-in MASC-take-PERF-IMPER and MASC-become.dry-PASS PARTICIPLE surface REFL.PRON FEM-see-CAUS-IMPER]
Ar iaúr sétanat hee, Deené iam ikhoórag hoom sámaram neekhé neélianat, ar pultónam hariín neélianat.
[and in.this.here.method MASC-stand-PST-PERF ADV.PARTICIPLE God this.here-ACC FEM-to.become.dry-PASS PARTICIPLE-ACC surface-ACC earth MASC-name-DENOM-PST-PERF and watery.mass-ACC sea name-DENOM-PST-PERF]
Deené dón hee dẓaian hoom, bóḥanat: "Neekhé inótłarag hoom ḥiéthmaim igúdliio: ghotséim táhmaim ragúd hoom, phátsis tsidúim neekhéḥ-ḥa phátsiim seraḥ joóngaḥ-so tṣáido hoo, kaiúd-so táhmad du.
[God MASC-see-PST ADV.PARTICIPLE MASC-become.good-PST PARTICIPLE MASC-speak-PST-PERF: "earth FEM-become.green-PASS PARTICIPLE-ACC plant-PL-ACC FEM-give-for-IMPER: grass-PL-ACC seed-PL-ACC FEM.PL-give PARTICIPLE-ACC fruit-GEN tree-PL-ACC earth-LOC-on fruit-PL-ACC REFL-PRON-POSS kind-LOC-in give.birth PARTICIPLE which-PL-in seed-PL MASC-be]
Ar iaúr se dújaia.
[and in.this.method REFL.PRON become-IMPERS]
Neekhé inótłarag hoom ḥiéthmaim igúdliinat: ghotséim táhmaim seraḥ joóngaḥ-so ragúd hoom ar tsidúim phátsiim gúd hoom, kaiúm-so táhma seraḥ joóngaḥ-so dun.
[earth FEM-become.green-PASS PARTICIPLE-ACC plant-PL-ACC FEM-give-for-PST-PERF: grass-PL-ACC seed-PL-ACC REFL-PRON-POSS-LOC kind-LOC-in FEM.PL-give PARTICIPLE-ACC and tree-PL-ACC fruit-PL-ACC MASC-give PARTICIPLE-ACC which-in seed REFL.PRON-POSS-LOC kind-LOC-in MASC-be-PST]
Ar Deené don idẓaáigan hoo idun.
[and God MASC-see-PST FEM-become.good-PASS-PST PARTICIPLE FEM-be-PST]
Ar súndi ar uyýgle iaúr nylýnat - łónca dér.
[and evening and morning in.this.method flow-PST-PERF three-th day]

Postpositions, conjunctions and polarity

Postpositions

• so - in
• ḥa - on
• ḥaso - above
• ni - below, down
• niso - under
• tah - after
• paat - before
• khaa - near
• taam - away
• patu - in front of
• che - behind
• na - to
• naso - toward
• tṣa - from
• tṣal - from a direction
• bece - between
• lii - for
• ṣem - through
• ter - like
• ak - as
• leenso - along
• nal - without

Conjunctions

• ar 'and'
• ki 'that'
• ran 'but'
• tṣaah 'whether'
• iin 'or'
• to 'then'
• arto 'and then'
• see 'because'

Polarity

• iaa - yes
• na - no, not
• ma - not (prohibitive)
• maáde - maybe

Pronouns

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Singular

1. me
2. tu
3. han

Plural

1. med
2. sud
3. haad

Possessive pronouns

personal pronoun + suffix -ra

Demonstrative proper

ia 'this here'
iaúr 'so, with this method'
iaad 'here'
iaádatṣ 'from here'
iaádan 'to here'
iaálii 'herefore'
iaat 'so much'
iaís 'now'
iaús 'this way

Demonstrative medial

ta 'this here'
taúr 'so, with this method'
taad 'here'
taádatṣ 'from here'
taádan 'to here'
taálii 'herefore'
taat 'so much'
taís 'then (proper time'
taús 'this way

Demonstrative far

ha 'this here'
haúr 'so, with this method'
haad 'here'
haádatṣ 'from here'
haádan 'to here'
haálii 'herefore'
haat 'so much'
haís 'then (remote time)'
haús 'this way

Interrogative

ka 'who ?'
kai 'what ?'
kaiú 'which?'
kaúr 'how ?'
kaad 'where ?'
kaádatṣ 'from where ?'
kaádan 'to where ?'
kaílii - 'why ?'
kiid 'how many ?'
kaís 'when ?'
kaús 'which way ?'

Indefinite pronouns

interrogative base + suffix -tṣu

Negative pronouns

prefix na- + interrogative base

Universal pronouns

maáte 'all'
maáka 'every'
maakaúr 'with every method'
maákaad 'everywhere'
maakaádatṣ 'from everywhere'
maakaádan 'to everywhere'
maakailii 'from every reason'
maakaís 'always'
maakaús 'in all ways'

Alternative pronouns

káłat 'someone else'
káiłat 'something else'
kałatúr 'in someway else'
kałatád 'somewhere else'
káłatatṣ 'from somewhere else'
káatan 'to somewhere else'
káiłatłii 'for something else'
kałatís 'how many else'
kałatús 'which way else'

Unlimited

kaótthooi 'anyone'
kaiótthoo 'anything'
kaiúotthoo, ótthoo 'any of'
kaotthoór 'anyhow, however'
kaótthootṣ 'from anywhere'
kaótthoon 'to anywhere'
kaotthooílii 'for any reason'
kaotthoói 'fhowever many'
kaotthooís 'at any time'
kaotthooús 'in any way'

Limitating

itsaú 'some of this'
iaurtsaú 'some of this method'
iaattsaú 'a little here'
iaattsaútṣ 'a little from here'
iaattsaún 'a little to here'
iaatsaúlii 'a bit because of that'
iaattsaú 'a bit too much'
iaístsau 'a little then'
iaústsau 'a little this way'

Numerals

Numerals

Cardinals

1. nil
2. khoi
3. łon
4. tał
5. ghyr
6. iok
7. ḥev
8. phar
9. nu
10. san
11. sannil
12. sankhoi
20. khoisat
21. khoisatnil
100. tau
1.000. todau

Derivative numerals

Ordinals: suffix -ca:

1. nilca 'first'
2. khoica 'second'

Distributives: partial reduplication

2. khokhoi and khokhoica

Multiple numerals: suffix -maang

khoimaang 'dual'

Multiplicative numerals: suffix-(a)daa

khoidaa 'double'

Adverbial numbers: suffix -(a)ḥai

khoiḥai 'twice'

Collective: suffix -luu

khoiluu 'together two'

Approximative: suffix -(a)gha-

khoigha 'about two'

Delimitative: suffix -(a)ḥ-

khoiaḥ 'only two'

Derivation

Noun forming affixes

• Agent: -rá/-ré bági 'wheel' → bagirá 'wheeler';
• Experiencer: -(a)ghó dzókhah 'to beat' → dzokhágho 'one who is beaten';
• Possessor: -(a)ián thaaghá 'beard' → thaaghián 'bearded man';
• Residential or tribal association: -áua lóko 'high' → lokáua 'someone from High Tribe';
• Abstract noun I: -(a)lé lóko 'high' → lokalé 'height';
• Abstract noun II: -át tłoómah 'to tell' → tłoómát 'fable';
• Abstract noun III: -ti dẓaáiah 'to become good' → dẓaáiti 'goodness'
• Instrument: -áku koiḥaáh 'to carry' → koiḥáku 'carrier';
• Place: -us bóḥah 'to speak' → bóḥus 'rostrum';
• Container: -(a)tsá pul 'water' → pultsá 'bucket';
• Substantion: -ásse bállah 'to create' → ballásse 'fabric, matter';
• Object I: -(a)ma thar 'hand' → tharma 'glove';
• Object II: -é bóḥah 'to speak' → boḥé 'thing';
• Diminutive: -ní naán 'mother' → naanní 'little mother';
• Augmentative: -aab caán 'house' → caánaab 'great house';
• Collective (large set/collection) -(a)tón tshúue 'bird' → tshuutón 'large troop of birds';
• Paucal collective -(a)lúa bótso 'wolf' → botsolúa 'few wolves';
• Entire, all, complete thing: maa- tháme 'man' → maatháme 'entire man';
• Past state of being: can- caán 'house' → cancaán 'former house, ruine';
• Future state of being: iee- 'naánga 'king' → ieenaánga 'future king';
• State (tense-neutral): -(a)ta tálteh 'to fight' → tálteta 'fight';
• Living being: -(a)sti bállah 'to create' → bállasti 'creature';
• True or pure: Cé- bótso 'wolf' → bébotso 'true wolf';
• Similarity: -(a)ite bótso 'wolf → bótsoite 'werewolf'
• Male descendant: -(a)khaan naánga 'king' → naángakhaan 'son of king'
• Female descendant: -(a)tṣhaal naánga 'king' → naángatṣaal 'daughter of king'
• Area characterized by: -úm lóko 'high' → lokúm 'highland(s)';
• Singulative: -íne/-V́ine muúta 'wheat' → muutáine 'grain of wheat';
• Knowledge: -(a)s-ḥadé ghuúr 'horse' → ghuurasḥadé 'knowledge about horses'

Verb forming affixes

• Intensifier: -(a)cí- bóḥah 'to speak' → boḥcíah 'to speak intensively';
• Inchoative ~ Inceptive: -(a)j- jaah 'to go' → jaajáh 'begin to go';
• Cessative: -(a)st- jaah 'to go' → jaastáh 'to finnish going';
• Denominalizer: -(a)i- hathút 'hammer' → hathútiah 'to hammer'

In the role of suffixes forming verbs from other verbs may be various postpositions.

Verbs

Noun class

Masculine SG - do 'to see (by a male human)'
Masculine PL b(a)- badó 'to see (by a male humans')
Feminine SG i- idó 'to see (by a female)
Feminine PL r(a)- radó 'to see (by a females)'

Infinitive has no noun class affixes.

Voice

Active - doh 'to see'
Passive -(a)g- dógah 'to be seen'
Causative -(a)ł- dółah 'to show'

*Agent of passive voice is marked with Dative case.
*Agent of causative voice is marked with Dative case, and causee is in Nominative.

Constructions similar to voice

Reflexive se se doh 'to see self'
Reciprocal selda selda doh 'to see each other'

Impersonal construction (without agent)

Impersonal construction is created by passive voice and suffix -ia instead agentive pronouns:
dogia 'is seen'

Tense

Past -(a)n- don 'see (in past)'
Present - do 'see (in present, now)'
Future -(a)s dos 'see (in future)'

Aspect

Imperfective - doh 'to see (action is not performed)'
Perfective -(a)t dótah 'to see (action is performed)'
Perfect -(a)ṣ dóṣah 'to see (action have a result)'

Habitual have periphrastic construction: a gerund in imperfective aspect + dúh 'to be'

me dóni du 'I am seeing many times/regularly'

Mood

Indicative -
Inferential -(a)l dol 'probably see'
Imperative -o doo 'do!'
Optative -iee doiee 'may see'

Negation

Normal negative na na doh not to see
Prohibitive negative ma ma doo do not see!

Volition

Performed volition is created with modal verb uaárah 'to want (and volitioned action is/was achieved')
Unperformed volition is created with modal verb lásah 'to want (and volitioned action is/was not achieved')

Verbs don't have conjugation for person as synthetic category.

Non-finite forms

Adjectivals

Perfect -(a)ṣ + hoo doṣ hoo
Perfective -at + hoo dot hoo
Imperfective -0 + hoo do hoo

Adverbials

Perfect -(a)ṣ + hee doṣ hee
Perfective -at + hee dot hee
Imperfective -0 + hee do hee

Infinitive

-(a)h doh 'to see' ḥiéthah 'to grow'

Gerund

-(a)ni doni 'seeing' ḥiéthani 'growing'

Nouns

Plurality

Plural suffix in Nominative case is -(a)d, to which sometimes is added the thematic vowel -a-.
In dependent cases, plural suffix is -i-.

Declension

Singular Plural
1. Nominative who ? - bótso wolf -(a)d bótsod wolves
2. Accusative who ? -(a)m bótsom wolf -i-m bótsoim wolves
3. Genitive whose ? -(a)s bótsos of wolf -i-s bótsois of wolves
4. Dative to/for who ? -(a)r bótsor to/for wolf -i-r bótsoir to/for wolves
5. Ablative whence ? -(a)tṣ bótsotṣ from wolf -i-tṣ bótsoitṣ from wolves
6. Instrumental by/through who ? -(a)i bótsoi by/through wolf -i-i bótsoii by/through wolves
7. Comitative with who ? -(a)l bótsol with wolf -i-l bótsoil with wolves
8. Locative where ? -a(ḥ) bótsoḥ in/on wolf -i-ḥ bótsoiḥ in/on wolves

Noun class

There is also a small noun class system (combined with number), but this category is marked only on verbs (Masculine and Feminine).

Phonology

Consonants

/p t c k/ p t c k
/pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ/ ph th ch kh
/b d ɟ g/ b d j g
/t͡s t͡ɬ t͡ʃ/ ts tł tṣ
/t͡sʰ t͡ɬʰ t͡ʃʰ/ tsh tłh tṣh
/d͡z d͡ɮ d͡ʒ/ dz dl dẓ
/s ɬ ʃ x h/ s ł ṣ ḥ h
/m n ɲ ŋ/ m n ṇ ng
/r l/ r l
/j ɰ w/ i gh u

Vowels

Short vowels

/i ɯ u/ i y u
/e o/ e o
/a/ a

Long vowels

/iː ɯː uː/ ii yy uu
/eː oː/ ee oo
/aː/ aa

Accent

Lexical pitch accent.

/í ý ú/ í ý ú
/é ó/ é ó
/á/ á

/íː ýː úː/ ií yý uú
/éː óː/ eé oó
/aá/ aá

Syllable structure

CVC

C = any consonant
V = any vowel

Lóko baaṣát - high language

Lóko baaṣát (or High language) is constructed language, created through comparison of few natural languages, mainly Sanskrit, Hindi, Mongolian, Navajo, Korean, Tsez and Chechen, partially also Nahuatl, Turkish and Georgian. It is mostly agglutinative language, located in specific conworld, 20.000 years in future, after great nuclear war, which shifted humanity back into prehistoric times.
During this period, the world has changed beyond recognition. The big cities have disappeared, people have taken up primitive agriculture or animal husbandry, mainly sheep and cows grazing.
At the time, the main languages ​​of Europe are the languages ​​of the steppe peoples, including the lingua franca of their region, Lóko baaṣát, which we will deal with now. Another important language is the so-called Northern language, which is spoken in the north-eastern part of Europe (forests and tundra of old Russia and Finland) and Western language spoken in the West of Europe (except Italy, where one speaks another language).
People speaking High Speech are mainly nomadic herdsmen grazing cattle, although some are also engaged in the cultivation of cereals, potatoes and carrots, leading a sedentary lifestyle. Farmers are often despised by herdsmen. The power belongs mainly to the aristocratic clans, despite the military structure of the tribes, built around one person who determines the fate of the tribe (naánga). The council of chiefs and the council of elders also have advisory role.
Society is patriarchal. The basic social cell is the clan. The clan patriarch has power over family. A woman can not meet men from other clans. All property is the joint property of the clan.
The general names of all tribes using High Speech are Théthamed ('true people') or Tontonrád ('nobles'). High Speech in this period is used from the Carpathian Basin (former Hungary) to the southern Urals. To the east of them are the lands inhabited by the Mansar peoples. The tribes on the east bank of the Volga use the name Bébotsod ('true wolves') in relation to selves.