Noun cases in syntax

Noun case

1. Nominative who ? - bótso wolf -(a)d bótsod wolves
2. Accusative who ? -(a)m bótsom wolf -i-m bótsoim wolves
3. Genitive whose ? -(a)s bótsos of wolf -i-s bótsois of wolves
4. Dative to/for who ? -(a)r bótsor to/for wolf -i-r bótsoir to/for wolves
5. Ablative whence ? -(a)tṣ bótsotṣ from wolf -i-tṣ bótsoitṣ from wolves
6. Instrumental by/through who ? -(a)i bótsoi by/through wolf -i-i bótsoii by/through wolves
7. Comitative with who ? -(a)l bótsol with wolf -i-l bótsoil with wolves
8. Locative where ? -a(ḥ) bótsoḥ in/on wolf -i-ḥ bótsoiḥ in/on wolves

Functions of noun cases

• Nominative:
• lexical form: Gýl - fire
• subject of intransitive verb: Bótso jaa. - The Wolf is going.
• agent of transitive clause: Łeékha tsítsem kaálla. - The dog is biting a cat.
• donor of ditransitive clause: Tháme hídenim łeékhar gúdnat. - The man gave the dog food.
• predicative noun: Musgaará tháme du. - Commander is a man. 
• Accusative:
• patient of transitive verb: Cónkhi gýlam idó. - The girl sees fire.
• theme of ditransitive verb: Méra báṣat beéham mer gúdnat. - My brother gave me bread.
• Genitive:
• possessor: Thámes łeékha. - Dog of the man.
• partitive object: Tsaa beéhas mer gúdo. - Give me some bread.
• used with various postpositions
• Dative:
• goal, purpose: Tháme caánar-naso jaa. - The man is walking towards the house.
• recipient of ditransitive clause: Tháme jaatłálam ghuúrar gúdnat. - The man gave the horse the grain.
• agent of passive voice: Sálpa ghuúrar hídag. - The apple is eaten by horse.
• benefactive: Beéh hídeni thámer du. - Bread is food for man.
• used with some postpositions
• Ablative:
• source, origin: Beéh naáretṣ du. - The bread is from flour.
• used with some postpositions
  
• Instrumental:
• tool, instrument: Haát méram báṣatam (sérai) thári joknat. - The father hit my brother with (his) hand.
• way, method: Med iaús naásai jaanat. - We went this way.
• Comitative:
• accompaniament: Tháme dzálal. - Man with woman.
• Locative:
• location in place and time: Łeékha neékheḥ-ḥa sydẓ. - The dog is sitting on the ground.
• used with locative postpositions