Noun forming affixes
- Agent: -rá/-ré
- bági 'wheel' → bagirá 'wheeler';
- bótso 'wolf' → botsorá 'wolf hunter';
- noóhah 'to become wrong/bad/evil' → noóhra 'evil';
- tortsó 'head' → tortsorá 'leader';
- anú 'eye' → anurá 'representative';
- paal 'side' → paalrá 'supporter, follower';
- dúh 'to be' → durá 'animate being';
- dzókhah 'to beat' → dzokhará 'someone who beats';
- ḥádah 'to know' → ḥadará 'someone who knows something';
- nóio 'low' → noiorá 'halfling';
- tsidú 'tree' → tsidurá 'lumberman';
- saládah 'to live' → saladará 'someone who lives somewhere';
- tiísdah 'to believe, to trust' → tiisdará 'trustee';
- lásah 'to want' → lásra 'volunteer';
- duátṣho 'pig' → duatṣhorá 'pig farmer';
- jiiná 'cow' → jiinará 'cowherd';
- ghuúr 'horse' → ghuurrá 'horseman';
- khongé 'sheep' → khongerá 'shepherd';
- tshúue 'bird' → tshuurá 'fowler';
- doh 'to see' → dorá 'spectator';
- raájah 'to rule' → raaará 'ruler';
- chuúlah 'to hide' → chuulará 'keeper';
- saadé 'star' → saaderá 'astrologer';
- łeékha 'dog' → łeekhará 'someone who is working with dogs';
- suúr 'milk' → suurrá 'milkman';
- náhtṣa 'north' → nahtṣará 'Northlander';
- uáṣtṣa 'west' → uaṣtṣará 'Westerner';
- chuárah 'to measure' → chuárrá 'someone measuring';
- biaaádah 'to forge' → biaadrá 'smith';
- hathút 'hammer' → hathutrá 'someone working with hammer';
- tólgu 'stone' → tolgurá 'stonemason';
- bóḥah 'to speak' → boḥrá 'speaker';
- koiḥáh 'to carry' → koiḥará 'carrier';
- jondéh 'to bear' → jonderá 'bearer';
- tṣaám 'bear' → tṣaámra 'bear hunter';
- moólah 'to drink' → moólra 'drunkard';
- uótṣe 'ill' → uotṣerá 'someone who is ill';
- tékah 'to bake' → tekrá 'baker';
- sína 'old' → sinará 'old person';
- iála 'young' → ialará 'young person';
- caán 'house, home, family' → caanrá 'inmate';
- cáimaa 'tribe' → caimaará 'tribe member';
- kýstah 'to shoot' → kystará 'shooter';
- háłu 'bow' → hałurá 'archer';
- lásdah 'to write' → lasdará 'writer';
- húłtah 'to read' → hułtará 'reader';
- iuútah 'to keep' → iuutrá 'possessor';
- saírah 'to love' → sairrá 'lover';
- iádlah 'to hate' → iadlará 'someone who is hating, hater';
- koórah ' to fear' → koorrá 'fearer';
- tontón 'noble' → tontonrá 'nobleman';
- tłeém 'snake' → tłeemrá 'someone who is working with snakes';
- sagháh 'to think' → saghará 'thinker';
- bállah 'to create' → ballará 'creator';
- goh 'to do' → gorá 'worker';
- sýle 'mountain' → sylerá 'mountaineer';
- tłaalé 'fish' → tłaalerá 'fisher';
- dúndah 'to war' → dundará 'warrior';
- dátłhah 'to burn' → datłhrá 'burner';
- keétah 'to cut' → keetrá 'someone who is cutting';
- saátah 'to learn' → saatrá 'disciple';
- saátłah 'to teach' → saátłrá 'teacher';
- suútshah 'to hear, to listen' → suutshrá 'listenner';
- syn 'forest' → synrá 'forester';
- dúideh 'to lead' → duiderá 'leader';
- tṣháidah 'to give birth' → tṣhaidará 'parent';
- gúdah 'to give' → gudrá 'giver';
- sólah 'to swim' → solrá 'swimmer';
- kungá 'thunder' → kungará 'thunderer';
- bátṣhah 'to protect' → batṣhrá 'protector';
- ióḥah 'to look' → ioḥrá 'observer';
- haághah 'to come' → haaghrá 'newcomer';
- tálteh 'to fight' → talterá 'fighter';
- toółah 'to sing' → toołrá 'singer';
- ṣaánah 'to judge' → ṣaanrá 'judge';
- pháleh 'to blow' → phálera 'wind';
- tuúlcah 'to escape' → tuulcará 'escaper';
- dóiah 'to run' → doirá 'runner';
- rúlah 'to cry' → rulrá 'crier';
- hankhú 'blind' → hankhurá 'blind person';
- kádẓih 'to work' → kadẓirá 'worker';
- ḥedláh 'to break' → ḥedlara 'breaker';
- khaálda 'wise' → khaadará 'wise person';
- táh 'to sow' → tará 'sower';
- baághah 'to fence' → baaghrá 'fencer';
- khúḥah 'to dig' → khuḥrá 'digger';
- músgaah 'to command' → musgaará 'commander';
- láighah 'to tempt' → laighará 'temptator';
- Experiencer: -(a)ghó:
- dzókhah 'to beat' → dzokhágho 'one who is beaten';
- suútshah 'to hear, to listen' → suutshaghó 'someone who listenned';
- Possessor: -(a)ián thaaghá 'beard' → thaaghián 'bearded man';
- dzála 'woman' → dzalaián 'husband';
- thaaghá 'beard' → thaaghaián 'man with beard';
- bótso 'wolf' → botsoián 'someone who have wolf';
- tṣang 'strong' → tṣangián 'strongman';
- tsiíghy 'hair' → tsiighián 'hairy person';
- anú 'eye' → anuián 'person with big eyes';
- ḥaak 'nose' → ḥaakián 'person with big nose';
- lóko 'high' → lokoián 'high person';
- ḥadah 'to know' → ḥadián 'someone who knows about something';
- tsidú 'tree' → tsiduián 'forest guardian';
- tiísdah 'to believe, to trust' → tiisdaián 'believer, follower';
- ghuúr 'horse' → ghuurián 'someone who have a horse';
- dzénge 'heart' → dzengián 'someone who have heart, a good man';
- chánga 'daemon' → changaián 'someone possessed by a daemon';
- uéju 'world' → uejuián 'possessor of world';
- hathút 'hammer' → hathutián 'someone who have hammer';
- raájah 'to rule' → raajián 'someone who have ruling power, administrator';
- Residential or tribal association: -áua:
- lóko 'high' → lokáua 'someone from High Tribe';
- goon 'river' → goonáua 'someone living near a river';
- sýle 'mountain' → syláua 'someone living on mountain';
- syn 'forest' → synáua 'someone living in forest';
- Abstract noun I: -(a)lé:
- lóko 'high' → lokalé 'height';
- nóio 'low' → noialé 'low height';
- ḥiethah 'to grow' → ḥiethlé 'growth';
- ṣagé 'word' → ṣagelé 'reliability';
- sína 'old' → sinalé 'old age';
- néṣa 'new' → neṣalé 'new information';
- iála 'young' → iallé 'young age';
- iádlah 'to hate' → iadlalé 'hate';
- saírah 'to love' → sairlé 'love';
- leénah 'to become long' → leenlé 'length';
- haát 'father' → haatalé 'wealth of father';
- ḥýnah 'to happen' → ḥynaléd 'history';
- gúnguh 'deep' → gunglé 'depth';
- gol 'round' → gollé 'roundness';
- télah 'to pull' → tellé 'continuation';
- tétse 'sharp' → tetselé 'sharpness';
- jéreh 'to need' → jerelé 'need';
- nútse 'nude' → nutselé 'nudity';
- ghytṣí 'light, slight' → ghytṣilé 'lightness, slightness';
- sóngah 'to be able' → songlé 'ability';
- Abstract noun II: -át:
- tłoómah 'to tell' → tłoomát 'fable';
- doh 'to see' → doát 'view';
- hyýdah 'to touch' → hyydát 'touch;
- sagháh 'to think' → saghaát 'think';
- dúndah 'to war' → dundát 'war';
- saládah 'to live' → saladát 'life';
- músgaah 'to command' → musgaát 'command';
- lúgah 'to die' → lugát 'death';
- tṣángah 'to become strong' → tṣangát 'strength';
- suútshah 'to hear, to listen' → suutshát 'hearing';
- bétłah 'to tie, to bind' → betłát 'relationship, union';
- ṣítah 'to throw' → ṣitát 'throw';
- kádlah 'to divide' → kadlát 'split, division';
- télah 'to pull' → telát 'series, row;
- baádu 'heavy' → baadát 'weight, burden, load';
- hédlah 'to move' → hedlát 'move';
- jaán 'lord, master' → jaanát 'majesty';
- ghórah 'to try' → ghorát 'try';
- hóṣah 'to smell' → hoṣát 'smell';
- bátṣhat 'to protect' → batṣhát 'protection';
- saáhah 'to breath' → saahat 'breath';
- toółah 'to sing' → toołát 'singing';
- ṣaánah 'to judge' → ṣaanát 'opinion, verdict';
- láchah 'to wish' → lachát 'wish';
- hótłah 'to taste' → hotłát 'taste';
- maárdzah 'to dream' → maardzát 'dream';
- táh 'to sow' → taát 'sowing, seeds';
- jah 'to go, to walk' → jaát 'walk, gait';
- koórah 'to fear' → koorát 'fear';
- sótiah 'to pray' → sotiát 'prayer';
- nédaah 'to fly' → nedaát 'flight'
- Abstract noun III: -ti:
- dẓaáiah 'to become good' → dẓaáiti 'goodness';
- múiru 'free' → múiruti 'freedom';
- súiḥih 'to become beautiful' → súiḥiti 'beauty';
- hóriu 'holy, saint' → hóriuti 'holiness';
- aasgé 'wild' → aasgéti 'wildness';
- haát 'father' → haátti 'paternity';
- gúdah 'to give' → gútti 'loyalty';
- khaáldah 'to become wise' → khaáldati 'wisedom';
- sétah 'to stand' → sétti 'state, status';
- saládah 'to live' → salátti 'vitality';
- ḥyrýnah 'to become dark' → ḥyrýnti 'darkness';
- térah 'similar' → térahti 'similarity';
- puúnah 'to become full' → puúnti 'fullness';
- médzah 'to might' → métsti 'power, might';
- toółah 'to sing' → toółti 'song';
- łédah 'to become pure' → łétti 'purity';
- iághoh 'to bode, to foretell' → iághoti 'prophecy';
- khuún 'great' → khuúnti 'greatness';
- ióḥah 'to look' → ióḥti 'look';
- tháine 'rich' → tháinti 'wealth, richness';
- tsákhah 'to begin, to start' → tsákhti 'beginning, origin';
- hycé 'true' → hycéti 'truth';
- Instrument: -(a)ku, -áku:
- koiḥaáh 'to carry' → koiḥáku 'carrier';
- goh 'to do' → góku 'tool';
- táltah 'to fight' → taltáku 'weapon';
- tṣéleh 'to shine' → tṣeláku 'candle';
- keétah 'to cut' → keétku 'knife';
- phoóla 'meal' → phoólku 'quern';
- nédaah 'to fly' → nedaáku 'quill';
- chuúlah 'to hide' → chuúlku 'box';
- moólah 'to drink' → moólku 'goblet, cup';
- tékah 'to bake' → tékku 'furnace, stove';
- táulah 'to weigh' → tauláku 'weight, scales';
- sagháh 'to think' → sagháku 'source of inspiration';
- hídeh 'to eat' → hidáku 'spoon';
- bétłah 'to tie, to bind' → betłáku 'tie, binder';
- págha 'time' → pághku 'clock';
- saáhah 'to breath' → saáhku 'lung';
- dúsah 'to wash' → dúsku 'tool for washing';
- jókah 'to hit' → jókku 'fist';
- toópah 'to cover' → toópku 'cover';
- biaádah 'to forge' → biaátku 'anvil';
- nólah 'to sew' → nólku 'needle';
- Place: -us:
- bóḥah 'to speak' → bóḥus 'rostrum';
- kýnah 'to fall, to shower, to pour' → kýnus 'earthwork, pour';
- khákah 'to crack' → khákus 'chasm;
- táltaab 'battle' → táltaabus 'battle field';
- naánga 'king' → naángaus 'royal house/palace';
- baághah 'to fence' → baághus 'garden';
- gýl 'fire' → gýlus 'campfire';
- kádẓih 'to work' → kádẓius 'place of work';
- pul 'water' → pulus 'pool';
- sétah 'to stand' → sétus 'layover';
- dúh 'to be' → dúus 'place';
- lóko 'high' → lókus 'high place';
- sýdzah 'to sit' → sýdzus 'seat';
- tsidú 'tree' → tsidúus 'place on tree, nest';
- jiiná 'cow' → jiináus 'cowshed';
- doh 'to see' → dóus 'view, scenery';
- raájah 'to rule' → raájus 'capital, seat of rule';
- chuúlah 'to hide' → chuúlus 'hidden place';
- chánga 'daemon' → chángus 'seat of daemons';
- biaádah 'to forge' → biaádus 'forge, smithy';
- koiḥaáh 'to carry' → koiḥáus 'wagon';
- tṣaám 'bear' → tṣaámus 'place where bear sleeps';
- caán 'house, home, family' → caánus 'home';
- múiru 'free' → múiruus 'free place';
- lútsa 'snow' → lútsaus 'snowy place';
- dzíghi 'bee' → dzíghius 'beehive';
- hóriu 'holy, saint' → hóriuus 'holy place';
- aasgé 'wild' → aasgéus 'wild place';
- hídeh 'to eat' → hídus 'place for eating';
- gúdah 'to give' → gúdus 'given place';
- sólah 'to swim' → sólus 'place for swimming';
- hatsé 'bone' → hatséus 'place of bones';
- khoós 'empty' → khoósus 'empty place';
- kungá 'thunder' → kungáus 'place of thunder';
- khaar 'poison' → khaárus 'poisoned place';
- tálteh 'to fight' → táltus 'place for fighting';
- tuúlcah 'to escape' → tuúlcaus 'refuge';
- thaálah 'to leave' → thaálus 'abandoned place';
- tṣhiíntṣi 'ant' → tṣhiíntṣius 'anthill';
- tsántłi 'wasp' → tsántłius 'wasp nest';
- jánge 'mid' → jángus 'middle place';
- khoós 'empty' → khoósus 'wilderness, desolation';
- tsátsah 'to stream' → tsátsus 'stream';
- Container: -(a)tsá:
- pul 'water' → pultsá 'bucket';
- moólah 'to drink' → mooltsá 'bowl';
- jatłál 'cereal' → jatłaltsá 'container for cereals';
- phátsi 'fruit' → phatsitsá 'container for fruits';
- Substantion: -ásse:
- bállah 'to create' → ballásse 'fabric, matter';
- pul 'water' → pulásse 'watery substantion';
- saar 'sun' → saarásse 'sunlight, solar substantion';
- gýl 'fire' → gylásse 'fire substantion (petroleum)';
- khássi 'acid, sour' → khasásse 'acid';
- Object I: -(a)ma:
- thar 'hand' → thárma 'glove';
- ḥiethah 'to grow' → ḥiethma 'plant';
- lásdah 'to write' → lásdama 'letter';
- gúdah 'to give' → gúdma 'gift';
- moólah 'to drink' → moólma 'drink';
- pul 'water' → púlma 'alcohol';
- matṣí 'meat' → matṣíma 'muscle';
- dúh 'to be' → dúma 'inanimated being, object';
- ioh 'to have' → ióma 'possessed object';
- gýl 'fire' → gýlma 'burned wood';
- syn 'forest' → sýmma 'wood';
- jókah 'to hit' → jókma 'attack';
- sotiát 'prayer' → sotiátma 'prayer book';
- Object II: -é:
- bóḥah 'to speak' → boḥé 'thing';
- tortsó 'head' → tortsoé 'cap, pommel';
- baághah 'to fence' → baaghé 'fence';
- uaárah 'to want (and goal is achieved)' → uaaré 'will';
- katłácheh 'to make vaulting' → katłaché 'vaulting';
- deéme 'gold' → deemé 'golden artifact';
- ḥadah 'to know' → ḥadé 'knowledge';
- topaáh 'to cover' → topaé 'clothing';
- chuárah 'to measure' → chuaré 'measure';
- tékah 'to bake' → teké 'roast';
- tólah 'to drop' → tolé 'drop';
- hóriu 'holy, saint' → horié 'holy object';
- bétłah 'to tie, to bind' → betłé 'bunch';
- tétse 'sharp' → tetsé 'sharp object, edge';
- tṣáidah 'to give birth' → tṣaidé 'nation';
- jókah 'to hit' → joké 'stroke';
- Diminutive: -ní:
- naán 'mother' → naanní 'little mother';
- ghuúr 'horse' → ghuurní 'pony';
- gýl 'fire' → gylní 'little fire, glimmer';
- bótso 'wolf' → botsoní 'little wolf';
- saar 'sun' → saarní 'little sun';
- seélo 'army' → seeloní 'little army, group of soldiers';
- bági 'wheel' → baginí 'little wheel';
- pul 'water' → pulní 'vodka';
- khylé 'cloud' → khylení 'little cloud';
- koól 'leg' → koolní 'little leg';
- tortsó 'head' → tortsoní 'little head';
- tsiíghy 'hair' → tsiighyní 'little hair';
- anú 'eye' → anuní 'little eye';
- tsidú 'tree' → tsiduní 'little tree';
- tshúue 'bird' → tshuuní 'little bird';
- saadé 'star' → saadení 'little star';
- tsítse 'cat' → tsitsení 'kitty';
- tṣaám 'bear' → tṣaamní 'little bear';
- uásu 'lake' → uasuní 'little lake';
- meénkhe 'feather' → meenkhení 'little feather';
- caán 'house, home, family' → caanní 'little house';
- huúlle 'nest' → huullení 'little nest';
- ḥaáṣe 'arrow' → ḥaaṣení 'little arrow';
- taáke 'hen' → taakení 'little hen';
- hajú 'egg' → hajuní 'little egg';
- tyýbe 'group' → tyybení 'little group';
- kásghi 'spider' → kasghiní 'little spider';
- tolé 'drop' → tolení 'little drop';
- húde 'root' → hudení 'little root';
- sýle 'mountain' → sylní 'little mountain, hill';
- niísi 'mouse' → niisiní 'little mouse';
- selé 'horn' → selení 'little horn';
- syn 'forest' → synní 'little forest';
- tsúti 'tooth' → tsutiní 'little tooth';
- taásu 'tusk' → taasuní 'little tusk';
- jaán 'lord, master' → jaanní 'little lord, little master';
- hatsé 'bone' → hatsení 'little bone';
- iaági 'fox' → iaagní 'little fox';
- khatstsó 'hare' → khatstsoní 'little hare';
- sálpa 'apple' → salpaní 'little apple';
- bóste 'ring' → bostení 'little ring (on finger)'
- nástai 'poppy, red weed' → nastainí 'little poppy';
- síga 'deer' → siganí 'little deer';
- ṇaal 'year' → ṇaalní 'little year';
- ṣúrra 'source' → ṣurraní 'little source';
- cónkhi 'girl' → conkhiní 'little girl';
- táme 'path' → tamení 'little path';
- khaán 'son' → khaanní 'little son';
- tṣhaáli 'daughter' → tṣhaalní 'little daughter';
- haát 'father' → haatní 'little father';
- Augmentative: -aab, -eeb, -oob, -uub:
- caán 'house' → caánaab 'great house';
- tháme 'man' → thámaab 'great man';
- tálteh 'to fight' → táltaab 'battle';
- gýl 'fire' → gýlaab 'fire, conflagration';
- jába 'tongue' → jábaab 'big tongue';
- tháme 'man' → thámaab 'big man';
- dzála 'woman' → dzálaab 'big woman';
- bótso 'wolf' → bótsaab 'big wolf';
- daánte 'animal' → daántaab 'big animal';
- seeló 'army' → seélaab 'big army';
- bági → bágiaab 'big wheel';
- pul 'water' → púlaab 'big water';
- goon 'river' → goónaab 'big river';
- anú 'eye' → anuúb 'big eye';
- ḥaak 'nose' → ḥaákaab 'big nose';
- tsidú 'tree' → tsiduúb 'big tree';
- ghotsé 'grass' → ghotseéb 'big grass';
- jiiná 'cow' → jiinaáb 'big cow';
- ghuúr 'horse' → ghuúraab 'big horse';
- tshúue 'bird' → tshúuaab 'big bird';
- palé 'foot' → paleéb 'big foot';
- thaaghá 'beard' → thaaghaáb 'big beard';
- saadé 'star' → saadeéb 'big star';
- łeékha 'dog' → łeékhaab 'big dog';
- tsítse 'cat' → tsítsaab 'big cat';
- chánga 'daemon' → chángaab 'big daemon';
- naákhi 'breast' → naákhiaab 'big breast';
- tólgu 'stone' → tólgaab 'big stone';
- tṣaám 'bear' → tṣaámaab 'big bear';
- tshará 'oak' → tsharaáb 'big oak';
- harsaá 'eagle' → harsaáb 'big eagle';
- uásu 'lake' → uásaab 'big lake';
- hariín 'sea' → hariínaab 'big sea, ocean';
- tootṣ 'hunger' → toótṣaab 'big hunger';
- kúiḥe 'ear' → kúiḥaab 'big ear';
- khúṇca 'claw' → khúṇcaab 'big claw';
- meénkhe 'feather' → meénkhaab 'big feather';
- cáimaa 'tribe' → cáimaab 'big tribe';
- huúlle 'nest' → huúllaab 'big nest';
- hajú 'egg' → hajuúb 'big egg';
- haḥú 'wind' → haḥuúb 'big wind';
- tłághi 'rain' → tłághiaab 'big rain';
- khásghe 'part, fragment, element' → khásghaab 'big fragment';
- malé 'ice' → maleéb 'big ice';
- lútsa 'snow' → lútsaab 'big snow';
- páṣtṣu 'beetle' → páṣtṣuub 'big beetle';
- tłeém 'snake' → tłeémaab 'big snake';
- gábe 'branch' → gábeeb 'big branch';
- sýle 'mountain' → sýleeb 'big mountain';
- tłaalé 'fish' → tłaaleéb 'big fish';
- gýl 'fire' → gýlaab 'big fire';
- selé 'horn' → seleéb 'big horn';
- syn 'forest' → sýnaab 'big forest';
- tsúti 'tooth' → tsútiaab 'big tooth';
- jaán 'lord master' → jaánaab 'grand lord, grand master';
- tṣéłe 'ash' → tṣéleeb 'rubble';
- łuúta 'smoke' → łuútaab 'big smoke';
- hatsé 'bone' → hatseéb 'big bone';
- iaági 'fox' → iaágiaab 'big fox';
- tshúku 'rock' → tshúkuub 'big rock';
- kungá 'thunder' → kungaáb 'big thunder';
- sálpa 'apple' → sálpaab 'big apple';
- bóste 'ring' → bósteeb 'big ring';
- tłhásse 'cord' → tłhásseeb 'big cord';
- tṣúpal 'lizard' → tṣúplaab 'big lizard';
- luúngu 'dragon' → luúnguub 'big dragon';
- síga 'deer' → sígaab 'big deer';
- ṣúrra 'source' → ṣúrraab 'big source';
- phuúnda 'storm' → phuúndaab 'big storm';
- táme 'path' → támeeb 'big path';
- Collective (large set/collection) -(a)tón:
- tshúue 'bird' → tshuutón 'large troop of birds';
- musgaará 'commander' → musgaaratón 'leadership';
- ṣagé 'word' → ṣagetón 'dictionary, lexicon';
- gýl 'fire' → gyltón 'series of fires';
- gýlus 'campfire' → gylustón 'large group of campfires';
- hatsé 'bone' → hatsetón 'skeleton';
- baaṣát 'language' → baaṣattón 'many languages';
- daánte 'animal' → daantatón 'many animals';
- deené 'god' → deenetón 'pantheon';
- naánga 'king' → naangatón 'many kings, royal lineage';
- tortsó 'head' → tortsotón 'many heads, population';
- tsidú 'tree' → tsidutón 'many trees';
- ghotsé 'grass' → ghotsetón 'grassland';
- jiiná 'cow' → jiinatón 'cattle';
- saadé 'star' → saadetón 'night sky';
- chánga 'daemon' → changatón 'many daemons';
- tólgu 'stone' → tolgutón 'many stones';
- tshará 'oak' → tsharatón 'oak forest';
- kheéghe 'crow' → kheéghtón 'large troop of crows';
- néṣa 'new' → neṣtón 'many news';
- haát 'father' → haattón 'many fathers, father lineage';
- naán 'mother' → naantón 'many mothers, mother lineage';
- báṣat 'brother' → baṣattón 'many brothers, brotherhood';
- caán 'house, home, family' → caantón 'many houses, homestead';
- ḥaáṣe 'arrow' → ḥaaṣtón 'quiver';
- hałurá 'archer' → hałuratón 'large group of archers';
- tyýbe 'group' → tyybetón 'many groups';
- tṣána 'worm' → tṣánatón 'many worms';
- tłeém 'snake' → tłeémtón 'many snakes';
- bodlá 'reptile' → bodlatón 'many reptiles';
- sýle 'mountain' → syltón 'many mountains, mountain range';
- selé 'horn' → seletón 'many horned animals';
- jaán 'lord, master' → jaantón 'many lords, many masters, aristocracy';
- daári 'grain' → daaritón 'many grains';
- kynúm 'island' → kynumtón 'many islands, archipelago';
- khoós 'empty' → khoostón 'desert';
- Paucal collective -(a)lúa:
- bótso 'wolf' → botsolúa 'few wolves';
- baaghúm 'city, town' → baaghumtón 'union of few cities';
- saadé 'star' → saadelúa 'constellation';
- tshúue 'bird' → tshuulúa 'few birds';
- łeékha 'dog' → łeekhalúa 'few dogs';
- tólgu 'stone' → tolgulúa 'few stones';
- tshará 'oak' → tsharalúa 'few oaks, little oak forest',
- dér 'day' → derlúa 'few days';
- haát 'father' → haatlúa 'few fathers';
- sýle 'mountain' → syllúa 'few mountains';
- tłaalé 'fish' → tłaallúa 'few fish';
- selé 'horn' → sellúa 'few horns';
- syn 'forest' → synlúa 'few forests';
- tsúti 'tooth' → tsutilúa 'few teeth';
- jaán 'lord, master' → jaán 'few lords, few masters';
- hatsé 'bone' → hatselúa 'few bones';
- ḥagh 'half' → ḥaghlúa 'few halves';
- sálpa 'apple' → salpalúa 'few apples';
- biíle 'pear' → biillúa 'few pears';
- táme 'path' → tamlúa 'few paths';
- daári 'grain' → daarlúa 'few grains';
- Entire, all, complete thing: maa-:
- tháme 'man' → maatháme 'entire man';
- kaárah 'to become black' → maakaár 'someone or something entire black';
- deenetón 'pantheon' → maadeenetón 'entire pantheon';
- seélo 'army' → maaseélo 'all army';
- naangúm 'kingdom' → maanaangúm 'all/entire kingdom';
- pul 'water' → maapúl 'all water';
- matṣí 'meat' → maamatṣí 'all meat';
- tsidú 'tree' → maatsidú 'entire tree';
- métsti 'power' → maamétsti 'all/entire power, power of god';
- hycéti 'truth' → maahycéti 'entire true';
- gýl 'fire' → maagýl 'entire fire';
- łuúta 'smoke' → maałuúta 'all/entire smoke';
- hatsé 'bone' → entire bone;
- ṇaal 'year' → maaṇaál 'entire year';
- Past state of being: can-
- caán 'house' → cancaán 'former house, ruine';
- ḥadé 'knowledge' → canḥadé 'former knowledge';
- dér 'day' → candér 'former day';
- haát 'father' → canhaát 'male ancestor';
- naán 'mother' → cannaán 'female ancestor';
- jaán 'lord, master' → canjaán 'former lord, former master';
- dẓúigu 'enemy' → candẓúigu 'former enemy';
- ṇaal 'year' → canṇaál 'previous year';
- naása 'way' → cannaása 'former way';
- Future state of being: iee-:
- naánga 'king' → ieenaánga 'future king';
- ḥadé 'knowledge' → ieeḥadé 'future knowledge';
- haát 'father' → ieehaát 'future father';
- naán 'mother' → ieenaán 'future mother';
- jaán 'lord, master' → ieejaán 'future lord, future master';
- dẓúigu 'enemy' → ieedẓúigu 'future enemy';
- ṇaal 'year' → ieeṇaal 'future year';
- daári 'grain' → ieedaári 'future grain';
- State (tense-neutral): -(a)ta:
- tálteh 'to fight' → tálteta 'fight';
- tṣháidah 'to give birth' → tṣháidata 'birth';
- tłhádah 'to fall' → tłhátta 'fall';
- tuúlcah 'to escape' → tuúlcata 'escape';
- dóiah 'to run' → dóita 'run';
- lísgih 'to return, to come back' → lísgita 'return';
- ioh 'to have' → ióta 'possession';
- goh 'to do' → góta 'occupation';
- túngah 'to twitch, to vibrate' → túngta 'twitch, vibration';
- súłah 'to sleep' → súłta 'sleeping';
- ḥýnah 'to happen' → ḥýnata 'action';
- Living being: -(a)sti:
- bállah 'to create' → bállasti 'creature';
- sálpa 'apple' → sálpasti 'apple-tree';
- selé 'horn → selésti 'horned animal';
- tsaaná 'sky' → tsaanásti 'flying animal';
- pul 'water' → púlasti 'water animal';
- jal 'winter' → jálasti 'wintering animal;
- dúh 'to be' → dústi 'animate living being';
- kaállah 'to bite' → kaállasti 'rodent';
- True or pure: Cé-:
- bótso 'wolf' → bébotso 'true wolf';
- hycéti 'truth' → héhyceti 'reality';
- baaṣát 'language' → bébaaṣat 'true language';
- seélo 'army' → séseelo 'professional army';
- deené 'god, deity' → Dédeene 'true god (highest god)'
- pul 'water' → pépul ' pure water';
- dẓáiti 'goodness' → dẓédẓaiti 'true goodness';
- matṣí 'meat' → mématṣi 'true meat (all except fish and fowl)';
- ghuúr 'horse' → ghéghuur 'warmblood riding horse';
- dzénge 'heart' → dzédzenge 'pure heart';
- uéju 'world' → uéueju 'true world';
- gýl 'fire' → gégyl 'pure fire';
- neél 'name' → néneel 'true name';
- jaán 'lord master' → jéjaan 'true lord, true master';
- łuúta 'smoke' → łéłuuta 'pure smoke';
- tshéce 'flower' → tshétshece 'true flower';
- khoós 'empty' → khékhoos 'void, vacuum';
- cónkhi 'girl' → céconkhi 'virgin';
- naása 'way' → nénaasa 'true way';
- táme 'path' → tétame 'true path';
- Similarity: -(a)ite:
- bótso 'wolf → bótsoite 'werewolf'
- ghuúr 'horse' → ghuúrite 'equid';
- saar 'sun' → saárite 'sunflower';
- Male descendant: -(a)khaan:
- naánga 'king' → naángakhaan 'son of king'
- Female descendant: -(a)tṣhaal:
- naánga 'king' → naángatṣaal 'daughter of king'
- Area characterized by: -úm:
- lóko 'high' → lokúm 'highland(s)';
- aasgé 'wild' → aasgeúm 'wilderness';
- naánga 'king' → naangúm 'kingdom';
- baághah 'to fence' → baaghúm 'city, town';
- hatsé 'bone' → hatseúm 'cemetary';
- kýnah 'to fall, to shower, to pour' → kynúm 'island';
- paal 'side' → paalúm 'country';
- Singulative: -íne/-V́ine:
- muúta 'wheat' → muutáine 'grain of wheat';
- tólgu 'stone' → tolgúine 'one stone';
- gylásse 'fire substantion' → gylasséine 'some of fire substantion';
- hatsé 'bone' → hatséine 'piece of bone';
- seélo 'army' → seelóine 'soldier';
- pul 'water' → pulíne 'drop of water';
- ṣagé 'word' → ṣagéine 'sound character (of letter)';
- lásdani 'writing' → lasdaníne 'letter';
- gýl 'fire' → gylíne 'part of fire, flame';
- Knowledge: -(a)s-ḥadé:
- ghuúr 'horse' → ghuurasḥadé 'knowledge about horses'
Verb forming affixes
- Intensifier: -(a)cí-:
- bóḥah 'to speak' → boḥcíah 'to speak intensively';
- Inchoative ~ Inceptive: -(a)j-:
- jah 'to go' → jájah 'begin to go';
- dúh 'to be' → dújah 'to begin, to start'
- Cessative: -(a)st-:
- jah 'to go' → jastáh 'to finnish going';
- dúh 'to be' → dústah 'to cease';
- Denominalizer: -(a)i-:
- hathút 'hammer' → hathútiah 'to hammer'
In the role of suffixes forming verbs from other verbs may be various
postpositions.
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