niedziela, 14 kwietnia 2019

Verb ioh 'to have'

Verb ioh ('to have') is modal verb which have two roles in clauses; as combination with past tense it means a future-in-past tense, and as combination with present and future tenses it means a permissive-obligative construction.

Future-in-past


Tu caánam-na háicha ion játah.
[thou house-ACC-to yesterday MASC-have-PST go-PERF-INF]
[tu cáːnam na kájcʰa jon ɟátah]
You were to go home yesterday.

Han ion tálteh leénaḥ.
[3.SG MASC-have-PST fight-INF long-LOC]
[han jon tálteh léːnax]
He had to fight a long time ago.

Ia dzála seram tháram dundarár iion gúttah.
[this.here woman REFL.PRON-ACC hand-ACC warrior-DAT FEM-have-PST give-PERF-INF]
[ja d͡zála seram tʰáram dundarár ijon gúttah]
This woman was to give her hand to the warrior.

Ia khoi dundarád baión selda tálteh.
[this.here two warrior-PL MASC.PL-have-PST RECIPR.PRON fight-INF]
[ja kʰoj dundarád bajón selda tálteh]
These two warriors were to fight each other.

Bótso patrár ion lúgadlatah.
[wolf hunter-DAT MASC-have-PST die-PASS.CAUS-PERF-INF]
[bót͡so patrár jon lúgad͡ɮatah]
The wolf was to be killed by a hunter.

Patrád bótsom baión lúdlatah.
[Hunter-PL wolf-ACC MASC.PL-have-PST die-CAUS-PERF-INF]
[patrád bót͡som bajón lúd͡ɮatah]
The hunter was to kill the wolf.

Łeékha ham thámem ion ióḥliih.
[dog yonder-ACC man-ACC MASC-have-PST look-for-INF]
[ɬéːkʰa ham tʰámem jon jóxliːh]
The dog was to look for that man.

Permissive-Obligative


Naánga dẓúigum keetúmi-ṣem io ióḥliih.
[king enemy-ACC country-INSTR-through MASC-have look-for-INF]
[náːŋa d͡ʒújgum keːtúm ʃem jo jóxliːh]
The king is to look for an enemy throughout the country.

Tu ar tura báṣat baió tálteh.
[2.SG and 2.SG-POSS brother MASC.PL-have fight-INF]
[tu ar tura báʃat bajó tálteh]
You and your brother are going to fight.

Thámed tortsorám baió uaárah sútshah.
[man-PL leader-ACC MASC.PL-have want.TEL-INF hear-INF]
[tʰámed tort͡sorám bajó wáːrah sút͡sʰah]
People are supposed to listen to the leader.

Dundará dundátam-so io tálteh.
[warrior war-ACC-in MASC-have fight-INF]
[dundará dundátam so jo tálteh]
The warrior is supposed to fight in the war.

Dzála caánaḥ-so iió kádẓih.
[woman house-LOC-in FEM-have work-INF]
[d͡zála cánax so ijó kád͡ʒih]
The woman has to work at home.

Dzálad jiináiḥ-khaa raió jah kádẓih.
[woman-PL cow-LOC-near FEM.PL-have go-INF work-INF]
[d͡zálad ɟiːná.ix kʰaː rajó ɟah kád͡ʒih]
Women are to go to work at cows.

Naángas béstse nekái iió gónah.
[king-GEN wife nothing FEM-have do-INF]
[náŋas bést͡se nekaj ijó gónah]
The king's wife has nothing to do.

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