Agent of passive voice is marked by Dative case in transitive clauses, but also by Ablative in ditransitive passive.
Word order of intransitive clause
The intransitive clause consists only of subject and verb:
Tháme moól.
[man MASC-drink]
[tʰáme móːl]
The man is drinking.
Dzála ihíde.
[woman FEM-eat]
[d͡zála ihíde]
The woman is eating.
Word order of transitive clause
The transitive sentence contains an agent, patient and verb.
Tháme púlam moól.
[man water-ACC MASC-drink]
[tʰáme púlam móːl]
The man is drinking the water.
Pul thámer imoólag.
[water man-DAT FEM-drink-PASS]
[pul tʰámer móːlag]
The water is drunk by the man.
Dzála matṣím ihíde.
[woman meat-ACC FEM-eat]
[d͡zála mat͡ʃím ihíde]
The woman is eating the meat.
Matṣí dzálar hídeg.
[meat woman-DAT MASC-eat-PASS]
[met͡ʃí d̪zálar hídeg]
The meat is eaten by the woman.
Word order of ditransitive clause
The ditransitive clause contains an agent, recipient (receiving), theme (received object) and verb. Such clause looks differently depending on the taken verbal grammatical voice.
Ditransitive clause in active voice
In Active voice, agent of ditransitive voice occurs in Nominative case, patient is in Accusative, and recipient in Dative.
Tháme hídenim łeékhar gúd.
[man eat-GER-ACC dog-DAT MASC-give]
[tʰáme hídenim ɬéːkʰar gúd]
The man gives dog food.
Dzála bótsom-ḥa sérar báṣatar itłoóm.
[woman wolf-ACC-on REFL.PRON-POSS-DAT brother-DAT FEM-tell]
[d͡zála bót͡som xa serar báʃatar it͡ɬóːm]
The woman is telling her brother about the wolf.
Ditransitive clause in passive voice
In Passive voice, agent of ditransitive clause is in Ablative, patient in Nominative, and recipient in Dative case.
Łeékha thámetṣ hídenim iuútha.
[dog man-ABL eat-GER-ACC MASC-get]
[ɬéːkʰa tʰámet͡ʃ hídenim júːtʰa]
The dog gets food from the man.
Tháme bótsom-ḥa sératṣ dẓíhatatṣ suútshnat.
[man wolf-ACC-on REFL.PRON-POSS-ABL sister-ABL MASC-hear-PST-PERF]
[tʰáme bót͡som xa serat͡ʃ d͡ʒíhatat͡ʃ súːt͡sʰnat]
The man heard about the wolf from his sister.
Order of nominal phrase
The language is head-final - word describing precedes the described.
- describing verb - noun
- dẓaáiag tháme 'good man'
- demonstrative pronoun - noun
- ia tháme 'this man'
- ta tháme 'that man'
- ha tháme 'yonder man'
- numeral - noun
- nil tháme 'one man'
- genitive - noun
- thámes łeékha 'man's dog'
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