niedziela, 7 kwietnia 2019

Non-synthetic verbal voice

There are two non-synthetic verbal voices:
  • Reflexive voice is created as construction with reflexive pronoun se; it means that the subject of the activity acts on itself.
Bychá se dus.
[child REFL.PRON MASC-wash]
[bɯcʰá se dus]
The child is washing himself.

Dundará naákhim-na se jók.
[warrior breast-ACC-to self MASC-hit]
[dundará náːkʰim na se ɟók]
The warrior hits the chest.

Dzála uásus púlaḥ-so se idó.
[woman lake-GEN water-LOC-in REFL.PRON FEM-see]
[d͡zála wásus púlax so se idó]
The woman sees herself in the water of the lake.

  • Reciprocal voice is created as construction with reciprocal pronoun selda; it means that at least two subjects are affecting on each other.
Haát ar khaán sélda badó.
[father and son RECIPR.PRON MASC.PL-see]
[háːt ar kʰáːn sélda badó]
Father and son see each other.

Khoi dundarád sélda tálte.
[two warrior-PL RECIPR.PRON MASC-fight]
[kʰoj dundarád sélda tálte]
Two warriors are fighting each other.

Khoi seélod sélda ilúdl.
[two army-PL RECIPR.PRON FEM-die-CAUS]
[kʰoj séːlod sélda ilúd͡ɮ]
Two armies kill each other.

 In addition to them, there is also similar to voice adjutative construction, which agent is acting to help the other agent in performing activities.

Ia tháme serar báṣatar thóluḥ-ḥa médl kádẓih.
[this.here man REFL.PRON-DAT brother field-LOC-on MASC-might-CAUS work-INF]
[ja tʰáme serar báʃatar tʰólux xa médɮ kád͡ʒih]
This man helps his brother to work in the field.

Ia dzála médar muútam imédl gáctaamah.
[this.here woman 1.PL-DAT wheat-ACC FEM-might-CAUS collect-INF]
[ja d͡zála médar múːtam iméd͡ɮ gáctaːmah]
This woman helps us gather wheat.

Brak komentarzy:

Prześlij komentarz