Grammatical voice in derivation

In High language are three main grammatical voices: Active, Passive (-g-) and Causative (-ł-), oraz two constructions similar to voice; Reflexive (se) and Reciprocal (selda). In this article, we will only take three synthetic grammatical voices.

Non-passive verbs

Active : Causative

• dúh 'to be' : dúłah 'to cause being'
• sýdzah 'to sit' : sýdlah 'to plant, to set'
•  dúndah 'to war' : dúndałah 'to cause war'
•  médzah 'to might' : médlah 'to help'
•  haághah 'to come' : haághłah 'to invite'
•  gatṣáh 'to appear' : gatṣáłah 'to cause appearing'
•  rúlah 'to cry' : rúłłah 'to cause crying'
•  túngah 'to twitch, to vibrate' : túndlah 'to cause twitching, vibrating'
•  súłah 'to sleep' : súłłah 'to cause a sleeping'
•  dẓoółah 'to sink' : dẓoółłah {dẓoółła-} 'to drown'

Non-causative verbs

Active : Passive

• topaáh 'to cover' : topaágah 'to be covered'
• ḥoicaáh 'to let' : ḥoicágah 'to be let go'
• táulah 'to weight' : táulgah 'to be weighted'
• iádlah 'to hate' : iádlgah 'to be hated'
• toółah 'to sing' : toółgah 'to be sung'

Verbs with full paradigm 

Active : Passive : Causative

• doh 'to see' : dógah 'to be seen' : dółah 'to show'
• tálteh 'to fight' : táltegah 'to be fought' : táltełah 'to start a fight'
• noóhah 'to become wrong/bad/evil' : noóhagah 'to be wrong/bad/evil' : noóhałah ''to worsen'
• dẓiílah 'to lie' : dẓiílgah 'to be situated' : dẓiíłłah 'to put'
• gúdah 'to give' : gúdgah 'to be given' : gúdlah 'cause to give'
• dzókhah 'to beat' : dzóggah 'to be beaten' : dzókhłah 'be ordering to beat'
• jah 'to go' : jágah 'to be walked' : jáłah 'to drive'
• ḥadah 'to know' : ḥadgah 'to be known' : ḥadlah 'get to know'
• chuúlah 'to hide' : chuúlgah 'to be hidden' : chuúłłah 'to cause hiding, to haunt, to harass'
• biaádah 'to forge' : biaádgah 'to be forged' : biaádlah 'to order forging'
• bóḥah 'to speak' : bóghgah 'to be spoken' : bóḥłah 'to cause speaking'
• koiḥaáh 'to carry' : koiḥágah 'to be carried' : koiḥáłah 'to cause carrying'
• jondéh 'to bear' : jondégah 'to be beared' : jondéłah 'to cause bearing'
• moólah 'to drink' : moólgah 'to be drunk' : moółłah 'to cause drinking'
• tékah 'to bake' : téggah 'to be baked' : tétłah 'to cause baking'
• kýstah 'to shoot' : kýstagah 'to be shot': kýstłah 'to cause shooting'
• lásdah 'to write' : lásdagah 'to be written' : lásdałah 'to cause writing, to dictate'
• hułtah 'to read' : hułtagah 'to be read' : hułtałah 'to cause reading'
• haighaáh 'to prepare' : haighágah 'to be prepared' : haigháłah 'to cause preparing'
• iuútah 'to keep' : iuúdgah 'to be kept' : iuútłah 'to cause keeping, to get'
• múiruh 'to become free' : múirugah 'to be free' : múirułah :to cause being free'
• saírah 'to love' : saírgah 'to be loved' : saírłah 'to cause love'
• hyýdah 'to touch' : hyýdgah 'to be touched' : hyýdlah 'to cause touching'
• sagháh 'to think' : saghágah 'to be thinked' : sagháłah 'to cause thinking'
• tólah 'to drop' : tólgah 'to be dropped' : tółłah 'to cause droping'
• bállah 'to create' : bállagah 'to be created' : bállałah 'to cause creation'
• ṣítah 'to throw' : ṣídgah 'to be thrown' : ṣítłah 'to cause throwing'
• keétah 'to cut' : keédgah 'to be cut' : keétłah 'to cause cutting'
• suútshah 'to hear, to listen' : suúdzgah 'to be heard, to be listened' : suútłhah 'to cause hearing, to cause listenning'
• bétłah 'to tie, to bind' : bédlgah 'to be tied, to be bound' : bétłałah 'to cause tieing binding'
  kádlah 'to divide' : kádlgah 'to be divided' : kádlałah 'to cause dividing'
• télah 'to pull' : télgah 'to be pulled' : téłłah 'to cause pulling'
• dúideh 'to lead' : dúidegah 'to be leaded' : dúidełah 'to cause leading'
• góiah 'to call' : góigah 'to be called' : góiłah 'to cause calling'
• tṣháidah 'to give birth' : tṣháidagah 'to be born' : tṣháidałah 'to procreate'
• sólah 'to swim' : sólgah 'to be flowing' : sółłah 'to cause swimming'
• tṣéleh 'to shine, to bright' : tṣélegah 'to be enlightened' : tṣélełah 'to enlighten'
• dẓókhah 'to link, to connect' : dẓóggah 'to be linked, connected' : dẓótłhah 'to cause linking, connrcting'
• ghórah 'to try' : ghórgah 'to be tried' : ghórłah 'to cause trying'
• khoósah 'to become empty' : khoósgah 'to be empty' : khoółłah 'to devastate'
• puúnah 'to become full' : puúngah 'to be full' : puúnłah 'to fill'
• hóṣah 'to smell' : hóṣgah 'to be smelled' : hółłah 'to cause smelling'
• bátṣah 'to protect' : bádẓgah 'to be protected' : bátłah 'to cause protection'
• ióḥah 'to look' : ióghgah 'to be looked' : ióḥłah 'to cause looking'
• saáhah 'to breath' : saáhgah 'to be respirated' : saáhłah 'to respire'
• tłhádah 'to fall' : tłhaádgah 'to be fallen' : tłhaádlah 'to cause falling, to let fall, to drop'
• ṣaánah 'to judge' : ṣaángah 'to be judged' : ṣaánłah 'to cause judging'
• tókah 'to drip' : tóggah 'to be dripped' : tótłah 'to cause dripping'
• tsátsah 'to stream' : tsádzgah 'to be streamed' : tsátłah 'to cause streaming'
• pháleh 'to blow' : phálegah 'to be blowed' : phálełah 'to cause blowing'
• tuúlcah 'to escape' : tuúlcagah 'to be escaping' : tuúlcałah 'to expel'
• thaálah 'to leave' : thaálgah 'to be leave' : thaáłłah 'to cause leaving'
• dóiah 'to run' : dóigah 'to be runned' : dóiłah 'to cause running, to chase, to pursue'
• jéreh 'to need' : jéregah 'to be need' : jérełah 'to cause need'
• láchah 'to wish' : lájgah 'to be wished' : láchłah 'to cause wishing'
• dúsah 'to wash' : dúsgah 'to be washed' : dúłłah 'to cause washing'
• hótłah 'to taste' : hódlgah 'to be tasted' : hótłałah 'to cause tasting, to spice'
• ghóseh 'to rise' : ghósegah 'to be rised' : ghósełah 'to cause rising'
• iághoh 'to bode, to foretell' : iághogah 'to be foretold' : iághołah 'to cause foretelling'
• tṣiíkah 'to scream' : tṣiíggah 'to be screamed' : tṣiítłah 'to cause screaming'
• juráh ' to tear' : jurágah 'to be teared' : juráłah 'to cause tearing'
• kádẓih 'to work' : kádẓigah 'to be worked' : kádẓiłah 'to cause working'
• maárdzah 'to dream' : maárdzagah 'to be dreamed' : maárdzałah 'to cause dreaming'
• ḥedláh 'to break' : ḥedlágah 'to be broken' : ḥedláłah 'to cause breaking'
• khákah 'to crack' : khággah 'to be cracked' : khátłah 'to cause cracking'
• tshéreh 'to wake self, to awake self' : tshérgah 'to be awaken' : tshérłah 'to wake smn, to awake smn'
• nólah 'to sew' : nólgah 'to be sewn' : nółłah 'to cause sewing'
• táh 'to sow' : tágah 'to be sown' : táłah 'to cause sowing'
• baághah 'to fence' : baághgah 'to be fenced' : baághłah 'to cause fencing'
• húmaah 'to spin' : húmaagah 'to be spinned' : húmaałah 'to cause spinning'
• lísgih 'to return, to come back' : lísgigah 'to be returned' : lísgiłah 'to cause returning'
• khúḥah 'to dig' : khúghgah 'to be digged' : khúḥłah 'to cause digging'
• músgaah 'to command' : músgaagah 'to be commanded' : músgaałah 'to cause commanding'
• gácah 'to take' : gájgah 'to be taken' : gátłah 'to cause taking'
• kýnah 'to fall, to shower, to pour' : kýngah 'to be fallen, to be sprinkled, to be poured' : kýnłah 'to cause falling, pouring'

Passive-causative verbs

 Some verbs have a passive-causative voice, expressed through the imposition of passive and causative suffixes (with fusion of both voice suffixes into -dl-).

Active : Passive : Causative : Passive-Causative

•  doh 'to see' : dógah 'to be seen' : dółah 'to show' : dódlah 'to be shown'
• goh 'to do' : gógah 'to be doing' : gółah 'to preach, to order' : gódlah 'to be preached, to be ordered'
• hédlah 'to move' : hédlgah 'to be moved' : hédlałah 'to push' : hédladlah 'to be pushed'
• jókah 'to hit' : jóggah 'to be hit' : jódlah 'to provoke a hit' : jódladlah 'to be provoked to hit'
• saátah 'to learn' : saádgah 'to be learned' : saátłah 'to teach' : saádadlah 'to be teached'
• saládah 'to live' : saládgah 'to be inhabited' : saládlah 'to settle' : saládadlah 'to be settled'
• raájah 'to rule' : raájgah 'to be ruled' : raádlah 'to establish a rule' : raájadlah 'to be established'
• ioh 'to have' : iógah 'to be possessed' : iółah 'to gain' : iódlah 'to be gained'
• koórah 'to fear' : koórgah 'to be feared' : koórłah 'to frighten' : koórdlah 'to be frightenned'
• sétah 'to stand' : sédgah 'to be stable' : sétłah 'to set up, to place' : sédlah 'to be placed'
• dátłhah 'to burn' : dádlgah 'to be burned' : dátłhłah 'to set fire to' : dátłhadlah 'to be set on fire' 
• lúgah 'to die' : lúggah 'to be dying' : lúdlah 'to kill' : lúgadlah 'to be killed'